Spirituality: Description, Measurement, and Relation to the Five Factor Model of Personality

MacDonald, Douglas A.

doi:10.1111/1467-6494.t01-1-00094

Cited by 373 publications

(339 citation statements)

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“…Egan et al, 1999). Finally, Openness to experience, characterized by receptiveness to new ideas, approaches, and experiences (McCrae & Costa, 1997), was also fairly consistently shown to correlate with general paranormal belief (Egan et al, 1999;MacDonald, 2000;Smith et al, 2009). However, as with all other dimensions, the diverse measures of both personality and paranormal beliefs used, along with a small number of studies conducted, make it impossible to conclusively determine the relevance of this personality dimension in explaining and predicting paranormal beliefs.…”

Section: Origins Of Paranormal Beliefs and The Role Of Personalitymentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Despite the majority of confirming studies, some nevertheless found no relationship between Neuroticism and paranormal beliefs (e.g. MacDonald, 2000;Tobacyk, 1982). It is also worth noting that Neuroticism is one of the dimensions of the Five Factor model most consistently related to religiosity (Saroglou, 2002;Saroglou & Jaspard, 2000).…”

Section: Origins Of Paranormal Beliefs and The Role Of Personalitymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Finally, a more precise hypothesis can be made in regard to the Openness dimension. This dimension has been the most important predictor of religiosity (Saucier & Skrzypińska, 2006), and paranormal beliefs (Egan et al, 1999;MacDonald, 2000;Smith et al, 2009) within the Five Factor Model. Presumably, receptiveness to new ideas, approaches, and experiences as captured by the Openness factor (McCrae & Costa, 1997), leads away from traditionally rigid religious beliefs and toward more stimulating beliefs and worldviews.…”

Section: Origins Of Paranormal Beliefs and The Role Of Personalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paranormal Beliefs and Personality Traits in Croatia

Mlačić

Milas

2012

Drustvena istrazivanja

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The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between the Five Factor Model of personality and the belief in the paranormal. Participants (N=307) were students from the University of Zagreb, Croatia. The measures used were the IPIP version of the Five Factor Model questionnaire (Goldberg et al., 2006) along with the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale (Tobacyk, 1988). The factor analysis of the latter yielded three previously unreported paranormal belief dimensions named: General paranormal belief, Traditional religious belief and Rituals and practices. The most significant personality correlations with all three factors were found for Openness, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism, respectively. Results to an extent confirmed previous findings, suggesting that open individuals accept more General paranormal beliefs, while rejecting Traditional religious belief. Conscientiousness displayed an opposite trend being positively related to Traditional religious beliefs and negatively to General paranormal beliefs. Finally, Neuroticism was related to Rituals and practices, i.e. superstitions, divinations and occult control of life outcomes. The relations are however modest ranging from 0.11 to 0.25. Both the novel paranormal belief structure and its significance to personality are discussed within an evolutionary perspective, with guidelines for further research highlighted in the end.

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Section: Origins Of Paranormal Beliefs and The Role Of Personalitymentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Origins Of Paranormal Beliefs and The Role Of Personalitymentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Origins Of Paranormal Beliefs and The Role Of Personalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paranormal Beliefs and Personality Traits in Croatia

Mlačić

Milas

2012

Drustvena istrazivanja

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“…MacDonald (2000) points out that, except in cases in which spirituality emphasizes only personal experience and does not imply commitment and social practice (Belzen (2005) explains the difference), spirituality can exert influence on religiosity and promote help behavior, solidarity, and tolerance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pro-Social Behavior: Contributions of Religiosity, Empathic Concern, and Spirituality

Roth¹

2017

Int J Lat Am Relig

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The aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between empathy, antisocial behavior, religiosity, and spirituality as causal variables of pro-social behavior. The study has also considered the influence of other variables such as age, sex, religious creed, and ethnicity in a Catholic sample of Bolivian university students. A preliminary conceptual model of empathic concern was proposed based on the studied variables. While the relationship between religiosity and pro-social behavior did not prove to be very sound, the results did show strong ties between pro-social behavior, empathy, and spirituality, revealing how these variables contribute to explaining such behavior. The output of the modeling process indicates (verified through standardized weights) that at least three of the four latent variables included in the model showed a relevant influence on pro-social behavior (empathy, religiosity, and spirituality). Antisocial behavior was dismissed as a source of an endogenous variable explanation. Although the model seems to be acceptable, some adjustments are needed to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the empathy-a pro-social conceptual framework.Keywords Pro-social behavior . Empathic concern . Religiosity . Spirituality Statements such as BDon't do unto others what you don't want others to do unto you^, attributed to Buddha, or BLove your neighbor as yourself^of the Christian gospels 1 , or BDo good to others without expecting anything in return^, and many other similar expressions shared by different religions tell us much about the importance that sacred Int J Lat Am Relig (2017) Batson et al. 1993;Yodrabum 2005;Hardy and Carlo 2005) consider the religious experience, the practice of faith, instilling moral thinking, sharing, cooperating, and promoting pro-social behavior as a wide range of actions that seek to benefit one or more people (Batson 1998). On the other hand, there are reasons to believe that individuals are usually generous, cooperative, concerned, and trustworthy, and it is assumed that religious people are more likely to show such attributes. Therefore, religiosity could be considered as a predictor of kindness and understanding as well as emotional pro-social altruism (Hardy and Carlo 2005).However, a growing number of studies question the relationship between religious practices and pro-social behavior, making it necessary to deepen its analysis and review its underlying theoretical assumptions. The existing scientific literature related to this topic is far from having achieved a full agreement on the existence of evidence for such a relationship and, rather, reveals contradictions regarding the influence of religiosity on pro-social behavior.While there is little doubt about the relationship as such, the controversy arises when discussing the causal status of religiosity. This seems to be related to the complexities of the multidimensional nature of the pro-social theoretical construct and the notion of religiosity. For example, it is evident that som...

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“…In a second study with 938 undergraduate students (675 women, 263 men) with a mean age of 21.0 years (SD = 4.3 years), he used factor and reliability analyses to refine the model and develop a 98-item Expressions of Spirituality Inventory with good psychometric properties (MacDonald, LeClair, Holland, Alter, & Friedman, 1995;MacDonald, 1997MacDonald, , 2000. Through this process MacDonald has identified five dimensions of spirituality that are measured by the scales of the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory.…”

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confidence: 99%

Spirituality in Late Adulthood

Heintz

Barušs

2001

Psychol Rep

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MacDonald's Expressions of Spirituality Inventory was used to examine spirituality in late adulthood using a sample of 30 people (22 women, 8 men) whose mean age was 72.6 yr. While average scores are higher on scales measuring spiritual and religious beliefs and practices for the sample than for a standardization group of undergraduate students with a mean age of 21.0 yr., means are lower on scales measuring paranormal beliefs. Low scores on death anxiety are correlated only with Existential Well-being and age And, while some religious behaviors such as frequent religious practice, prayer, and church attendance are correlated with some of the dimensions of spirituality, many of the scores on the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory scales are independent of self-reported religious behaviors.

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Spirituality: Description, Measurement, and Relation to the Five Factor Model of Personality

Cited by 373 publications

References 48 publications

Paranormal Beliefs and Personality Traits in Croatia

Paranormal Beliefs and Personality Traits in Croatia

Pro-Social Behavior: Contributions of Religiosity, Empathic Concern, and Spirituality

Spirituality in Late Adulthood

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