Spirochaete-like swimming mode of Campylobacter jejuni in a viscous environment

Shigematsu, Mika; Umeda, Akira; Fujimoto, Shuji; Amako, Kazunobu

doi:10.1099/00222615-47-6-521

Cited by 35 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Mucispirillum schaedleri, a newly described spiral species representing ϳ27% of all bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of rodents, probably does the same (271). All of this leads many to conclude that spiral cells are perfectly suited for motility in highly viscous environments (11,74,158,198,271,300,321,325). One good turn: helical motility.…”

Section: Motility Versus Viscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Selective Value of Bacterial Shape

Young

2006

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

867

777

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SUMMARY Why do bacteria have shape? Is morphology valuable or just a trivial secondary characteristic? Why should bacteria have one shape instead of another? Three broad considerations suggest that bacterial shapes are not accidental but are biologically important: cells adopt uniform morphologies from among a wide variety of possibilities, some cells modify their shape as conditions demand, and morphology can be tracked through evolutionary lineages. All of these imply that shape is a selectable feature that aids survival. The aim of this review is to spell out the physical, environmental, and biological forces that favor different bacterial morphologies and which, therefore, contribute to natural selection. Specifically, cell shape is driven by eight general considerations: nutrient access, cell division and segregation, attachment to surfaces, passive dispersal, active motility, polar differentiation, the need to escape predators, and the advantages of cellular differentiation. Bacteria respond to these forces by performing a type of calculus, integrating over a number of environmental and behavioral factors to produce a size and shape that are optimal for the circumstances in which they live. Just as we are beginning to answer how bacteria create their shapes, it seems reasonable and essential that we expand our efforts to understand why they do so.

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Section: Motility Versus Viscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Selective Value of Bacterial Shape

Young

2006

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

867

777

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“…Important for this colonization event is the characteristic rapid darting corkscrew-like motility conferred by the polar flagellum and the spiral shape of C. jejuni. This feature enables C. jejuni to remain motile in mucus, the highly viscous environment that rapidly paralyzes other motile rod-shape bacteria (12,13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The FlgS/FlgR Two-component Signal Transduction System Regulates the fla Regulon in Campylobacter jejuni

Wösten

Wagenaar²,

Putten

2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

132

180

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The human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is a highly motile organism that carries a flagellum on each pole. The flagellar motility is regarded as an important trait in C. jejuni colonization of the intestinal tract, however, the knowledge of the regulation of this important colonization factor is rudimentary. We demonstrate by phosphorylation assays that the sensor FlgS and the response regulator FlgR form a two-component system that is on the top of the Campylobacter flagellum hierarchy. Phosphorylated FlgR is needed to activate RpoNdependent genes of which the products form the hookbasal body filament complex. By real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR we identified that FlgS, FlgR, RpoN, and FliA belong to the early flagellar genes and are regulated by 70 . FliD and the putative anti--factor FlgM are regulated by a 54 -and 28 -dependent promoters. Activation of the fla regulon is growth phase-dependent, a 100-fold rpoN mRNA reduction is seen in the early stationary phase compared with the early logarithmic phase. Whereas flaB transcription decreases, flaA transcription increases in early stationary phase. Our data show that the C. jejuni flagellar hierarchy largely differs from that of other bacteria. Phenotypical analysis revealed that unflagellated C. jejuni mutants grow three times faster in broth medium compared with wild-type bacteria. In vivo the C. jejuni flagella are needed to pass the gastrointestinal tract of chickens, but not to colonize the ceaca of the chicken.

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“…For example, peptidoglycan-derived fragments act as virulence factors (7,8), exacerbate the toxicity of gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (42), and trigger the innate immune system of organisms from fruit flies to humans (14,15). Less appreciated is the role of peptidoglycan in imparting to bacteria specific shapes, a characteristic that contributes to survival by affecting growth and multiplication, differentiation, surface attachment, motility, and the ability to escape predatory organisms (13,16,18,38,39,41,46).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

FtsZ Collaborates with Penicillin Binding Proteins To Generate Bacterial Cell Shape inEscherichia coli

Varma

Young

2004

J Bacteriol

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The mechanisms by which bacteria adopt and maintain individual shapes remain enigmatic. Outstanding questions include why cells are a certain size, length, and width; why they are uniform or irregular; and why some branch while others do not. Previously, we showed that Escherichia coli mutants lacking multiple penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) display extensive morphological diversity. Because defective sites in these cells exhibit the structural and functional characteristics of improperly localized poles, we investigated the connection between cell division and shape. Here we show that under semipermissive conditions the temperature-sensitive FtsZ84 protein produces branched and aberrant cells at a high frequency in mutants lacking PBP 5, and this phenotype is exacerbated by the loss of additional peptidoglycan endopeptidases. Surprisingly, certain ftsZ84 strains lyse at the nonpermissive temperature instead of filamenting, and inhibition of wild-type FtsZ forces some mutants into tightly wound spirillum-like morphologies. The results demonstrate that significant aspects of bacterial shape are dictated by a previously unrecognized relationship between the septation machinery and ostensibly minor peptidoglycan-modifying enzymes and that under certain circumstances improper FtsZ function can destroy the structural integrity of the cell.

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Spirochaete-like swimming mode of Campylobacter jejuni in a viscous environment

Cited by 35 publications

References 25 publications

The Selective Value of Bacterial Shape

The Selective Value of Bacterial Shape

The FlgS/FlgR Two-component Signal Transduction System Regulates the fla Regulon in Campylobacter jejuni

FtsZ Collaborates with Penicillin Binding Proteins To Generate Bacterial Cell Shape inEscherichia coli

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