“…According to research, the following CSR promotion models are utilized in EU countries: observer (Hungary), patron (Spain, Italy), promoter (France, Germany, Sweden), and partner (France, Germany, and Sweden) (Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Great Britain). Denmark, Spain, and Sweden have the most CSR instruments, whereas the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, and the United Kingdom have the least (Lulewicz-Sas, 2014;Alam and Islam, 2021;Aldehayyat, 2021). CSR is connected with activities for the benefit of local communities and numerous social policy steps in Poland and the Czech Republic (Barauskaite and Streimikiene, 2021;Duanmu et al, 2021;Sun and Ming, 2021;Zeng et al, 2021).…”