Spondweni Virus in Field-Caught<i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>Mosquitoes, Haiti, 2016

White, Sarah K.; Lednicky, John A.; Okech, Bernard A.; Morris, J. Glenn; Dunford, James C.

doi:10.3201/eid2409.171957

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…africana and Ma. uniformis [11], as well as from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in Haiti [51]. Association of other pathogenic flaviviruses with Mansonia sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of RNA viruses in mosquitoes from Mozambique reveals novel genetic lineages of flaviviruses and phenuiviruses, as well as frequent flavivirus-like viral DNA forms in Mansonia

et al. 2020

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Background: Mosquito-borne diseases involving arboviruses represent expanding threats to sub-Saharan Africa imposing as considerable burden to human and veterinary public health. In Mozambique over one hundred species of potential arbovirus mosquito vectors have been identified, although their precise role in maintaining such viruses in circulation in the country remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to screen for the presence of flaviviruses, alphaviruses and bunyaviruses in mosquitoes from different regions of Mozambique. Results: Our survey analyzed 14,519 mosquitoes, and the results obtained revealed genetically distinct insectspecific flaviviruses, detected in multiple species of mosquitoes from different genera. In addition, smaller flaviviruslike NS5 sequences, frequently detected in Mansonia seemed to correspond to defective viral sequences, present as viral DNA forms. Furthermore, three lineages of putative members of the Phenuiviridae family were also detected, two of which apparently corresponding to novel viral genetic lineages. Conclusion: This study reports for the first-time novel insect-specific flaviviruses and novel phenuiviruses, as well as frequent flavivirus-like viral DNA forms in several widely known vector species. This unique work represents recent investigation of virus screening conducted in mosquitoes from Mozambique and an important contribution to inform the establishment of a vector control program for arbovirus in the country and in the region.

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“…africana and Ma. uniformis [11], as well as from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in Haiti [51]. Association of other pathogenic flaviviruses with Mansonia sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of RNA viruses in mosquitoes from Mozambique reveals novel genetic lineages of flaviviruses and phenuiviruses, as well as frequent flavivirus-like viral DNA forms in Mansonia

et al. 2020

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“…However, the epidemiology may be changing, as SPOV was reportedly detected in field-caught C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in Haiti in 2016 (ref. 204 ). This finding suggests that SPOV may adapt to mosquito species that preferentially feed on humans.…”

Section: Spondweni Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

Pierson

Diamond²

2020

Nat Microbiol

737

627

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F laviviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses vectored principally by arthropods that cause severe illnesses in humans. The extensive global spread and epidemic transmission of flaviviruses during the last seven decades has been remarkable. The mosquito-borne dengue viruses (DENV) infect an estimated 400 million humans each year; more than a quarter of the world's population lives in areas where DENV is now endemic 1 . By comparison, only sporadic DENV epidemics were documented before the Second World War 2 . The introductions of West Nile (WNV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses into the Western Hemisphere was followed by rapid geographical spread, large numbers of human infections and considerable morbidity 3,4 . Ongoing yellow fever virus (YFV) transmission and its encroachment on urban environments, despite the existence of an effective vaccine, poses a serious public health challenge 5-7 . Other flaviviruses present ongoing health risks or are beginning to emerge in different parts of the world, including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Usutu virus (USUV).The epidemic potential of flaviviruses reflects many factors related to the unique characteristics of their insect vectors, the consequences of poorly planned urbanization that creates ideal arthropod breeding habitats, the geographical expansion of vectors, changing environmental conditions and extensive global travel 8,9 . Beyond arthropods and humans, flaviviruses are also known to infect a wide array of animal species and can be important veterinary pathogens that threaten economically important domesticated animals 10-14 . These vertebrate animal hosts may constitute important stable reservoirs and contribute to defining conditions that support the introduction of new viral species and transmission among humans 15 . The continued threat of flavivirus emergence and re-emergence highlights a need for a detailed fundamental understanding of the biology of these viruses, the immune responses that can contain them and the possible countermeasures that can blunt their impact on public health should new outbreaks occur. Flavivirus structure and replicationFlaviviruses are small (~50 nm) spherical virus particles that incorporate a single genomic RNA of positive-sense polarity encoding three structural and seven non-structural proteins (Fig. 1a). Our knowledge of the biology of flaviviruses has advanced considerably with the availability of high-resolution structures of viral structural proteins and of virions at different stages of the replication cycle or in complex with antibodies or host factors 16 . Crystal structures of the enzymatic non-structural proteins also have been solved, accelerating advances in an understanding of virus replication and pathogenesis [17][18][19] and enabling structure-guided drug discovery, as reviewed elsewhere 20 .Virion structure and morphogenesis. Flaviviruses are assembled using three viral structural proteins (C, prM and E), a host lipid envelope and the viral genomic RNA. The structure of ...

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“…SPONV is difficult to distinguish clinically and serologically from ZIKV infection and had only been recorded in Africa until 2016 when it was isolated from Cx. quinquefasciatus from Haiti [ 58 ]. With respect to alphaviruses, Mayaro virus (MAYV) can serologically cross react with CHIKV and was first discovered in Trinidad in 1954 and more recently antibodies have been detected in NHPs in Panama and French Guiana [ 4 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No evidence for sylvatic cycles of chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on St. Kitts, West Indies

et al. 2020

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Background Dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses (DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV) are transmitted in sylvatic transmission cycles between non-human primates and forest (sylvan) mosquitoes in Africa and Asia. It remains unclear if sylvatic cycles exist or could establish themselves elsewhere and contribute to the epidemiology of these diseases. The Caribbean island of St. Kitts has a large African green monkey (AGM) (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) population and is therefore ideally suited to investigate sylvatic cycles. Methods We tested 858 AGM sera by ELISA and PRNT for virus-specific antibodies and collected and identified 9704 potential arbovirus vector mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were homogenized in 513 pools for testing by viral isolation in cell culture and by multiplex RT-qPCR after RNA extraction to detect the presence of DENV, CHIKV and ZIKVs. DNA was extracted from 122 visibly blood-fed individual mosquitoes and a polymorphic region of the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene (HMBS) was amplified by PCR to determine if mosquitoes had fed on AGMs or humans. Results All of the AGMs were negative for DENV, CHIKV or ZIKV antibodies. However, one AGM did have evidence of an undifferentiated Flavivirus infection. Similarly, DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV were not detected in any of the mosquito pools by PCR or culture. AGMs were not the source of any of the mosquito blood meals. Conclusion Sylvatic cycles involving AGMs and DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV do not currently exist on St. Kitts.

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Spondweni Virus in Field-CaughtCulex quinquefasciatusMosquitoes, Haiti, 2016

Abstract: Spondweni virus (SPONV) and Zika virus cause similar diseases in humans. We detected SPONV outside of Africa from a pool of Culex mosquitoes collected in Haiti in 2016. This finding raises questions about the role of SPONV as a human pathogen in Haiti and other Caribbean countries.

Cited by 26 publications

References 7 publications

A survey of RNA viruses in mosquitoes from Mozambique reveals novel genetic lineages of flaviviruses and phenuiviruses, as well as frequent flavivirus-like viral DNA forms in Mansonia

A survey of RNA viruses in mosquitoes from Mozambique reveals novel genetic lineages of flaviviruses and phenuiviruses, as well as frequent flavivirus-like viral DNA forms in Mansonia

The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

No evidence for sylvatic cycles of chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on St. Kitts, West Indies

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