Spontaneous interlayer formation in OPVs by additive migration due to additive–metal interactions

Deckman, Igal; Moshonov, Moshe; Obuchovsky, Stas; Brener, R.; Frey, Gitti L.

doi:10.1039/c4ta03912b

Cited by 26 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…7aeb) showed a main peak at 284.8 eV, which was ascribed to ubiquitous carbon CeC. The shoulder peaks at 288.8 eV and 286.5 eV were attributed to CeO and C]O, respectively [40]. Fig.…”

Section: Xpsmentioning

confidence: 96%

CO preferential oxidation in a novel Au@ZrO2 flow-through catalytic membrane reactor with high stability and efficiency

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Available online xxx Keywords:Catalytic membrane reactor Gold nano-particle Hollow fiber CO preferential oxidation H 2 purification a b s t r a c t CO preferential oxidation (CO-PROX) achieves much interest as a strategy to remove trace CO in reformed gases for hydrogen utilization. Herein, we reported a novel Au@ZrO 2 catalytic membrane reactor by embedding gold nano-particles in ZrO 2 hollow fiber membrane for CO-PROX. The flow-through catalytic membrane exhibited high catalytic activity and oxygen selectivity, which gave a turnover frequency of 4.73 s À1 at 60 C, 2e3 times higher than conventional catalyst pellets. CO conversion of >95% was achieved over the catalytic membrane, which maintained great operational stability during 500-h operation even CO 2 and H 2 O were added in the feed stream. The excellent catalytic performance of the flowthrough catalytic membrane makes gold catalyst possible for practical application in the removal of CO from hydrogen.

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“…7aeb) showed a main peak at 284.8 eV, which was ascribed to ubiquitous carbon CeC. The shoulder peaks at 288.8 eV and 286.5 eV were attributed to CeO and C]O, respectively [40]. Fig.…”

Section: Xpsmentioning

confidence: 96%

CO preferential oxidation in a novel Au@ZrO2 flow-through catalytic membrane reactor with high stability and efficiency

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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“…2017, 3, 1600458 www.advancedsciencenews.com TFTs. [29] To verify this hypothesis, we examine the PEI solubility in several common OPV processing solvents, such as chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and chloroform, and find that it is greater than 20 mg mL −1 for all three. The doping mechanism is proposed to be hole trapping by the lone-pair electrons of the nitrogen atoms in PEI.…”

Section: Wileyonlinelibrarycommentioning

confidence: 99%

n‐Type Doping Induced by Electron Transport Layer in Organic Photovoltaic Devices

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

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into the active layer, [6,7] the background doping, typically p-type, is believed to arise from polymer synthesis and is difficult to control. [3,9] In a recent report, we demonstrate that OPV active layers deposited on top of a MoO x hole transport layer (HTL) are p-doped, with the background hole concentration depending on the work function of MoO x and the active layer material. [8] Here we show that the electron transport layer (ETL) could also induce doping in the OPV active layer. In particular, poly(3hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) films deposited on top of branched polyethylenimine (PEI) ETL convert from typical lightly p-doped to strongly n-doped, with devices displaying substantially lower short-circuit current density (J sc ) and a strikingly different external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectral shape when compared with devices made on ZnO ETL. Using drift-diffusion and transfer matrix method (TMM) simulations to elucidate the experimental results, we establish that a combination of carrier type and concentration in the active layer fully explain the observed J sc and EQE spectral differences. Finally, we show that the origin of n-doping is due to the high solubility of PEI in the active layer processing solvent. The understanding is confirmed by device behaviors for PEI and another polymeric ETL, polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE), and the dependence on active layer thickness and the energy of negative integer charge-transfer state. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the effects of doping type and concentration on OPV device behaviors. Specifically, it provides an explanation for the wide variation of EQE spectra reported in the literature for OPV devices made with the same active layers but different interfacial contact layers. [10,11] Results and DiscussionsPEI and ZnO have been reported to be good ETL candidates in OPVs. [12,13] ZnO is an effective metal oxide ETL in OPV because of its low work function that enhances built-in field and deep valence band maximum that blocks holes to the cathode. [13,14] On the other hand, PEI is a polymeric ETL that functions as an interfacial modifier to reduce the cathode work function. [12] Figure 1a and Table 1 show the device current density versus Doping in an organic photovoltaic (OPV) device can largely impact its performance. In this work, it is discovered that n-type electrical doping in the poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester active layer can be induced by a certain electron transport layer (ETL), particularly branched polyethylenimine (PEI). Consequently, OPV devices with different ETLs exhibit dramatically different current density-voltage behaviors and external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra. Using drift-diffusion modeling, Hall effect, and capacitance-voltage measurements, it is shown that the difference in EQE spectra originates from the different background carrier type and concentration in the OPV active layer, dictated by the specific properties of ETL. Fa...

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“…Recently, they achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 10% in a single structure with the addition of processing additives [1][2][3][4] and the introduction of an interlayer [5][6][7]. However, to commercialize these PSCs, research must be conducted regarding the improvement of their lifespan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Enhancement in performance of polymer solar cells by introducing solution-processed dipole interlayer

Han

Lee

Han

et al. 2016

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry

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Spontaneous interlayer formation in OPVs by additive migration due to additive–metal interactions

Abstract: Additive–metal interactions can induce additive migration to the organic/electrode interface to spontaneously form interlayers that affect the metal work function and enhance OPV device performance.

Cited by 26 publications

References 45 publications

CO preferential oxidation in a novel Au@ZrO2 flow-through catalytic membrane reactor with high stability and efficiency

CO preferential oxidation in a novel Au@ZrO2 flow-through catalytic membrane reactor with high stability and efficiency

n‐Type Doping Induced by Electron Transport Layer in Organic Photovoltaic Devices

Enhancement in performance of polymer solar cells by introducing solution-processed dipole interlayer

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