Spontaneous osteogenesis of MSCs cultured on 3D microcarriers through alteration of cytoskeletal tension

Mechanical Stretching for Tissue Engineering: Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Constructs

“…Simply moving from 2D to 3D milieus, even under static culture, may have vital effects on integrin-mediated focal adhesion, cytoskeletal structure and tension, gene expression, and differentiation. [106][107][108][109] This results from complex 3D cell-cell interaction and communication; altered transport phenomena for media, nutrient, and growth factors; and difference in cell-matrix binding in 3D versus 2D. 110 These differences may be even magnified under external mechanical stimulations.…”

Dextran-based hydrogel formed by thiol-Michael addition reaction for 3D cell encapsulation

“…Various 3D culture systems have been developed, such as cell spheroids for studying tumor behaviors [3,4], microcarrier culture for proliferating stem cell [5][6][7], tissue-engineered scaffolds for modeling bone marrow niches [8] and cell encapsulation for cell-based transplantation therapies [9][10][11]. Among these 3D systems, encapsulating cells into suitable scaffolds has attracted increasing attention due to some advantages, including ease of handling, highly hydrated tissue-like microenvironment and uniform cell distribution [12][13][14].…”

Increasing efficiency of human mesenchymal stromal cell culture by optimization of microcarrier concentration and design of medium feed

“…Studies have indicated that various types of microcarriers can support the growth of MSCs on their surfaces, including polystyrene [10], glass [11], decellularized adipose tissue [12], gelatin [6,13e18] and dextran [9,19,20]. The most commonly used microcarriers in MSC cultures are Cultispher S (macroporous gelatin), Cytodex 1 (positively charged dextran beads) and Cytodex 3 (collagencoated dextran beads).…”