Spontaneous rupture of mediastinal cystic teratoma with high levels of amylase, lipase, ca 19‐9, ca 125 and CEA in cystic fluid: a case report

Ege, Gürkan; Akman, Haluk; Cakiroglu, Gokhan; Kalayci, Goksel

doi:10.1080/02841850410000782

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In addition, based on the axial CT findings of the exact anatomical location and spread direction, various sorts of classifications have been established (4). All of the studies are consistent with the view that unilateral tegmental hemorrhage is related to a good outcome, while massive hemorrhage (located in bilateral basal and anterior segments) is closely associated with the most unfavorable outcomes (6,10,14,16,20,21,. For patients with neuroradiological results that fall between the two, it is difficult to predict the survival outcome according to CT findings alone (4).…”

Section: Radiological Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Coma is one of the typical symptoms of PBSH. In previous studies, depressed and poor initial levels of consciousness were usually described as "coma on admission" or measured by different GCS score critical thresholds in the range of <4 to ≤9 (3,9,16,20,21). In agreement, both of these descriptions could independently and reliably predict death and an unfavorable functional outcome of PBSH (6).…”

Section: Clinical Presentationsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Supratentorial ICH mainly involves basal ganglion and spontaneous infratentorial hemorrhage consists primarily of spontaneous cerebellar ICH and PBSH. PBSH occurs most frequently in the region of pontine, constituting 6 to 10% of ICH with an incidence of about 2 to 4 in 100,000 people per year and a mortality rate varying between 30 and 90% in different reports (4,6,(14)(15)(16). PBSH occurs most often in patients aged 40 to 60, showing trends toward younger age compared with supratentorial and cerebellar ICH (17,18).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hypertension is the most important risk factor of PBSH and other relative factors include anticoagulation therapy, amyloid angiopathy, etc. (16).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, other factors, such as tachycardia (>110 beat/min), absence of a pupillary light reflex, the necessity for mechanical ventilation, and pupillary abnormalities, systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg, intact motor function, and a history of diabetes mellitus, have also been identified to significantly affect death or functional outcomes after PBSH (9,16,28,30).…”

Section: Clinical Presentationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary Brainstem Hemorrhage: A Review of Prognostic Factors and Surgical Management

et al. 2021

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Primary brainstem hemorrhage (PBSH) is the most fatal subtype of intracerebral hemorrhage and is invariably associated with poor prognosis. Several prognostic factors are involved, of which the two most predominant and consistent are the initial level of consciousness and hemorrhage size. Other predictors, such as age, hyperthermia, and hydrocephalus, are generally not dependable indicators for making prognoses. Scoring systems have now been developed that can predict mortality and functional outcomes in patients suffering from PBSH, which can thus guide treatment decision-making. A novel grading scale, entitled “the new primary pontine hemorrhage (PPH) score,” represents the latest approach in scoring systems. In this system, patients with a score of 2–3 points appear to benefit from surgical management, although this claim requires further verification. The four main surgical options for the treatment of PBSH are craniotomy, stereotactic hematoma puncture and drainage, endoscopic hematoma removal, and external ventricular drainage. Nevertheless, the management of PBSH still primarily involves conservative treatment methods and surgery is generally not recommended, according to current practice. However, the ongoing clinical trial, entitled Safety and Efficacy of Surgical Treatment in Severe Primary Pontine Hemorrhage Evacuation (STIPE), should provide additional evidence to support the surgical treatment of PBSH. Therefore, we advocate the update of epidemiological data and re-evaluation of PBSH treatment in a contemporary context.

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