“…On the other hand, formalized portfolios are planned structures methodically managed by a deliberate strategy ( Ziakas, 2019b ). The vast majority of portfolios to date are organic, given the novelty of the phenomenon as a strategic policy tool (e.g., Almeida et al, 2019 ; Clark & Misener, 2015 ; Pereira et al, 2015 ; Presenza & Sheehan, 2013 ; Salgado-Barandela, Barajas, & Sánchez-Fernández, 2019 ; Ziakas, 2010 ). Formalized ones are gradually increasing, with prominent examples including the cities of Auckland, Edinburgh, Gold Coast, and Gothenburg, or national regions and countries, such as New Zealand, Scotland and Wales ( Antchak et al, 2019 ).…”