“…Early research using data collected from day-students in the USA showed that over 15 years, extracurricular activities could have positive effects on aspiration and attainment (Otto, 1975;Otto & Alwin, 1977). This literature has progressed through using a range of methods to show that different forms of activity influence identity formation and lead to both positive and negative academic and social outcomes, which depend on student backgrounds and the context of the activities (Barber, Eccles & Stone, 2001;Eccles & Barber, 1999;Farb & Matjasko, 2012;Hwang, Feltz, Kietzmann & Diemer, 2016;Marsh & Kleitman, 2002). That sport and extracurricular activities in mainstream schooling enter our review of literature is an indicator that there is a shortage of published research on outdoor education programmes at boarding schools --whether longitudinal or not, and irrespective of methodologies employed.…”