Sport science applied to basketball refereeing: a narrative review

Nabli, Mohamed Ali; Abdelkrim, Nidhal Ben; Fessi, Mohamed Saifeddin; DeLang, Matthew D.; Moalla, Wassim; Chamari, Karim

doi:10.1080/00913847.2019.1599588

Cited by 26 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In the present study, the referees were working around 62 % HRMax , which were similar values to those obtained in previous studies [9], but far below values in recent studies (>85 % HRMax ) [11,12]. However, heart rate values can vary in relation to the type of officiating, the level of competition, and the gender of the players [12,23], as well as the ability level of the players. In fact, the only study in which researchers found a %HRMax similar to this study was in a women’s tournament [9], as in the present investigation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…These parameters provide additional objective data relative to the physical demands placed on referees during competitive circumstances: individual fitness level, type of competition (local, national, or international), numbers of referees (two or three), gender of teams (men or women), and characteristics of the game (close game, game style, etc.) [23]. In addition, these variables of internal and external load can be associated with the levels of stress and fatigue of referees during their intervention, which may affect referees’ decision making [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal and External Demands in Basketball Referees during the U-16 European Women’s Championship

García-Santos

Pino-Ortega

García-Rubio

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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(1) Background: The use of advanced technology to study the energy demands of sport participants during actual sport competition is an important current research direction. The purpose of this study was to identify the physiological, internal, and external demands placed on basketball referees using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, in relation to the period of the game. (2) Methods: The sample was comprised of nine international referees, and the data collection took place during the Women’s EuroBasket Sub-16 championship. Internal and external load were assessed through the inertial device WIMU PROTM, using UWB technology in order to quantify the effort exerted by each referee. The internal load was examined in relation to each individual’s heart rate (HR). The external load included the kinematic variables accelerations (Acc), decelerations (Dec), Acc/min, Dec/min, distance covered, steps, maximum speed (Vmax), average speed (Vavg), and speed zones, as well as the neuromuscular variables impacts (Imp), PlayerLoadTM (PLTM), PLTM/min, Metabolic Power (PMet), and PMet/min. (3) Results: The results exposed that referees work around 62% HRmax and spend more than 80% of the match at intensities between 0–12 km/h. The first period was the period in which the greatest work demand was experienced in relation to these neuromuscular outcomes (11.92 PL; 3.61 Met; 277 Impacts). The results revealed a diminishment of internal and external demands on the referees over the course of the game. (4) Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of monitoring and quantifying the workload of basketball officials, because doing so would allow for the establishment of individualized performance profiles that could be designed with the purpose of benefiting referee performance during games. The use of inertial devices allows for the objective quantification of referee workload under competitive circumstances.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal and External Demands in Basketball Referees during the U-16 European Women’s Championship

García-Santos

Pino-Ortega

García-Rubio

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…Referees' decisions are expected to be fast and correct and high level of referees' objectivity is expected by all the interested parties. Recent research has reviewed (Nabli et al, 2019) that basketball refereeing puts specific demands on the referees to keep up with gameplay, in terms of physical/physiological, perceptual, and cognitive parameters. The referees are required to keep up with the energy demands and follow the game by moving in strategic positions to be able to judge players' actions (Nabli et al, 2016).…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of objectivity in basketball game officiating on the number of referees

Hrusa¹,

Hrusova²

2021

Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2021 - Autumn Conferences of Sports Science

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The aim was to evaluate the level of objectivity of basketball game officiating and find out, if there is a significant difference in dependence on the number of referees. The core of the study was to verify the assumption that three-person officiating (3PO) brings higher objectivity in basketball game officiating, compared to two-person officiating (2PO). The problem was solved by empirical, descriptive and causal research with quantitative and qualitative analysis. 60 selected games (30 2PO and 30 3PO) of the top Czech Basketball Federation (CBF) competition were evaluated. The level of objectivity was evaluated by means of these indicators: number of foul calls, number of referees' mistakes, index of mistakes, and number of offball fouls. The statistical significance of the difference was evaluated in Chi-square test (χ 2 , α .05). Qualitative analysis was based on the minimum required criteria according to expert opinions of top league CBF referees (n = 26). The significant difference in the number of foul calls was not confirmed. The results showed significant difference in decrease of number of referees' mistakes and index of mistakes and in increase of number of off-ball fouls. The findings support the idea of 3PO system to be efficient.

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“…Within the theory of sport performance, different authors use terms that can slightly differ, but basically, they cover physiological, psychological and technical-tactical points of view (Nabli et al, 2019;Gullén & Felz, 2011;Ahmed et al, 2017). A systematic review was carried out (Garcia-Santos et al, 2020) to present an analysis of factors that influence a basketball referee's performance, when 51 articles were included after the review process and classified from the physical/physiological, psychological and decisional points of view.…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of a video-clip in blended learning approach to support decision-making skills of basketball referees

Hrusova¹,

Hrusa²

2021

Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2021 - Autumn Conferences of Sports Science

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The core of the study was to design and describe possibilities of use of online learning platform (OLP) to help to systemize and centralize the current system of Czech basketball referees' education and training. The aim was to analyse and evaluate the possibilities of use of video-clip as a key learning and teaching method to develop decision-making skills of basketball referees, with the support of referee coaches, via an OLP. The research follows on from the pilot study of the educational project of #Betterrefs. The target group comprises all the Czech basketball referees registered in the season 2019/20 (n = 165). Before the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the vast majority of learning and teaching was delivered through traditional face-toface sessions. The research designed, analysed and described a technical and methodological solution for the partial integration of blended learning into basketball referees' education and training. The suitability and validity of the selected method of video-clip was evaluated by means of content analysis with regard to the given aspects of the referee's decision-making profile. The contribution of the research is seen in centralizing and systemizing the learning methods and structure of basketball referees' education and training.

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Sport science applied to basketball refereeing: a narrative review

Cited by 26 publications

References 33 publications

Internal and External Demands in Basketball Referees during the U-16 European Women’s Championship

Internal and External Demands in Basketball Referees during the U-16 European Women’s Championship

Dependence of objectivity in basketball game officiating on the number of referees

Use of a video-clip in blended learning approach to support decision-making skills of basketball referees

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