Spread and distribution of viral antigen in nervous canine distemper

Vandevelde, M.; Zurbriggen, Andreas; Higgins, Robert; Palmer, D. G.

doi:10.1007/bf00687803

Cited by 74 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Around 3 weeks after infection, CDV-positive glial cells and neurons are found in the white matter, and the beginning of demyelination is observed in these regions (41). The CNS infection peaks 4 to 5 weeks after inoculation, when virus is detected in neurons and glial cells throughout white and gray matter in a focal fashion (23,45,52). Around 10% of dogs die at this time from acute encephalitis developing while their immune system fails to control the infection.…”

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confidence: 99%

Canine Distemper Virus Uses both the Anterograde and the Hematogenous Pathway for Neuroinvasion

Rudd

Cattaneo

Messling

2006

J Virol

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Canine distemper virus (CDV), a member of the Morbillivirus genus that also includes measles virus, frequently causes neurologic complications, but the routes and timing of CDV invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) are poorly understood. To characterize these events, we cloned and sequenced the genome of a neurovirulent CDV (strain A75/17) and produced an infectious cDNA that expresses the green fluorescent protein. This virus fully retained its virulence in ferrets: the course and signs of disease were equivalent to those of the parental isolate. We observed CNS invasion through two distinct pathways: anterogradely via the olfactory nerve and hematogenously through the choroid plexus and cerebral blood vessels. CNS invasion only occurred after massive infection of the lymphatic system and spread to the epithelial cells throughout the body. While at early time points, mostly immune and endothelial cells were infected, the virus later spread to glial cells and neurons. Together, the results suggest similarities in the timing, target cells, and CNS invasion routes of CDV, members of the Morbillivirus genus, and even other neurovirulent paramyxoviruses like Nipah and mumps viruses.Canine distemper virus (CDV) and the closely related viruses that infect marine mammals have the highest incidence of central nervous system (CNS) complications among viruses of the genus Morbillivirus. Up to 30% of dogs exhibit signs of neurologic involvement during or after CDV infection, and most wild carnivores that succumb to CDV have some evidence of CNS infection (8,18,20,38,51). With 1 in 1,000 cases, the neurovirulent potential of measles virus (MV) is comparatively lower, but CNS complications remain one of the main problems associated with MV infections in countries with an established health care system (32). Because of its relatively high degree of neurovirulence and the availability of a sensitive small animal model, CDV is an ideal candidate to characterize the events involved in morbillivirus neuroinvasion.All morbilliviruses display a strong lymphotropism, which correlates with the presence of their principal receptor, the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM, CD150), on a variety of immune cells (6,36,40). In ferrets infected with a virulent CDV strain, more than 50% of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) contain infectious virus, and up to 10% of PBMC in MV-infected monkeys are virus positive (46, 53). Because of these findings and the fact that morbilliviruses are highly cell associated, it is thought that the contact between virus and CNS occurs through infected PBMC. Previous studies of typical wild-type isolates like strain A75/17 in dogs further support this theory (38).At the onset of the symptomatic disease around 14 days after intranasal inoculation, infected cells are predominantly detected in the perivascular spaces of the CNS, the choroid plexus, and the ependyma (19,39). Around 3 weeks after infection, CDV-positive glial cells and neurons are found in the white matter, and...

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confidence: 99%

Canine Distemper Virus Uses both the Anterograde and the Hematogenous Pathway for Neuroinvasion

Rudd

Cattaneo

Messling

2006

J Virol

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“…Double labeling-immunohistochemistry has been used to detect viral antigen and GFAP in astrocytes present in, or derived from, brain tissues of CDVinfected animals. In vitro-infected primary cultures have also been examined (25,54,56). An overall decrease has been observed, both in vivo and in vitro, in the numbers of GFAPpositive cells, the prevalence of astrocytic processes, and GFAP staining in some cells (53,57).…”

Section: Vol 74 2000 Notes 3877mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles Virus-Induced Disruption of the Glial-Fibrillary-Acidic Protein Cytoskeleton in an Astrocytoma Cell Line (U-251)

Duprex

McQuaid

Rima

2000

J Virol

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A recombinant measles virus which expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (MVeGFP) has been used to infect two astrocytoma cell lines (GCCM and U-251) to study the effect of virus infection on the cytoskeleton. Indirect immunocytochemistry was used to demonstrate the cellular localization of the cytoskeletal components. Enhanced green fluorescent protein autofluorescence was used to identify measles virus-infected cells. No alteration of the actin, tubulin, or vimentin components of the cytoskeleton was observed in either cell type, whereas a disruption of the glial-fibrillary-acidic protein filament (GFAP) network was noted in MVeGFPinfected U-251 cells. The relative amounts of GFAP present in infected and uninfected U-251 cells were quantified by image analysis of data sets obtained by confocal microscopy by using vimentin, another intermediate filament on which MVeGFP has no effect, as a control.

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“…CDV occur a multifocal demyelinating disease (21). Initial demyelination in distemper encephalitis is directly virus induced (21,23). Demyelination in distemper is thought to be due to a selective alteration of the oligodendrocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apoptosis was discussed as a possible mechanism of oligodendrocytes loss in demyelinating diseases, and oligodendrocytes were shown to undergo apoptosis after various stimuli in vitro (17). Vandevelde et all (21) reported that granular cells of the cerebellum were dyed in apoptosis. Those areas with several apoptotic granular cells were surrounded by white matter with demyelinated plaques.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distemper virus-induced apoptotic changes in cerebellum

Vural¹,

Alçığır²

2010

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary:In the study, it was purposed that detection of apoptotic changes with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL) method in the cerebellum of 10 dogs (n:3 females, n:7 males), varied 3 months to 2.5 years-old, different breed (1 Husky, 9 Mongrel) and sex (3 females, 7 males) in distemper disease. Histopathologically, acute (n:4) and chronic (n:6) nonpurulent encephalitis, moderate and/or mild demyelination, and intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen. Immunohistochemically distemper virus antigen was also detected in demyelinated white matter, astrocytes, and inclusion bodies in all dogs by using monoclonal canine distemper virus nucleoprotein sera. Morphologically multiple consendations of nuclear chromatin in astrocytes were found with Cresyl violet stain. TUNEL reaction in markedly astrocytes localized surrounding the demyelination areas, rarely inclusion bodies, gemistocytic astrocytes, Gitter cells in white matter and granular layer of cerebellum was demonstrated. The reactions in chronic inflammatory lesions were also detected in perivascular mononuclear cells.Key words: Dog, distemper virus, apoptosis, TUNEL Distemper virusuna bağlı serebellumda oluşan apoptotik değişikliklerÖzet: Bu çalışmada, canine distemper virusu belirlenen 3 ay-2.5 yaşlı, değişik ırk (1 Husky, 9 melez) ve cinsiyetteki (3 dişi, 7 erkek) 10 adet köpeğin serebellumunda TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick endlabeling) metodu ile gözlenen apoptotik değişiklikler araştırıldı. Histopatolojik incelemede 4 hayvanda akut, 6 hayvanda da kronik nonpurulent ensefalitise ve demyelinasyona (hafif ve/veya orta şiddette) ilgili bulgular gözlendi. Monoclonal canine distemper virus nucleoprotein serumu kullanılarak yapılan immunohistokimyasal boyamada demyelinize beyaz maddede, astrositlerde ve inkluzyon cisimciklerinde distemper virusu antijeni saptandı. Morfolojik olarak Cresyl violet boyamasında, astrositlerde kromatinin kaba partiküller halinde çekirdek membranına yakın olarak toplandığı görüldü. TUNEL metodu ile yapılan boyamalarda ise akut olgularda daha yoğun olmak üzere özellikle demyelinize alanların etrafında bulunan astrositlerde, daha nadir olarak da inkluzyon cisimciklerinde, gemistositik astrositlerde, Gitter hücrelerinde, granuler tabaka hücrelerinde ve perivasküler mononüklear hücrelerde apoptotik değişiklikler saptandı.

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Spread and distribution of viral antigen in nervous canine distemper

Cited by 74 publications

References 14 publications

Canine Distemper Virus Uses both the Anterograde and the Hematogenous Pathway for Neuroinvasion

Canine Distemper Virus Uses both the Anterograde and the Hematogenous Pathway for Neuroinvasion

Measles Virus-Induced Disruption of the Glial-Fibrillary-Acidic Protein Cytoskeleton in an Astrocytoma Cell Line (U-251)

Distemper virus-induced apoptotic changes in cerebellum

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