Spread of Vibrio cholerae 0139 Bengal in India

Abstract

Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 Bengal, a novel strain with epidemic potential, completely displaced V. cholerae serogroup 01 in Calcutta in January 1993, which was followed by an epidemic caused by V. cholerae O139 in March-May 1993. From November 1992 to July 1993, 95.6% of 916 V. cholerae isolates submitted to the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases from 28 locations in India were confirmed as serogroup O139. As of July 1993, V. cholerae O139 had been isolated from 13 Indian states and a union territory, and large outbreaks of cholera caused by the O139 serogroup had occurred in several cities. The extent of spread of V. cholerae O139 Bengal in India and its ability to swiftly disseminate leaves little doubt that this is the beginning of the eighth pandemic of cholera.

Vibrio cholerae O139 in Thailand in 1994

“…In contrast to the experience in India [9] where 0139 replaced 01 isolates both V. cholerae 0 types occurred in the same proportion of patients in Thailand at the same time. The isolation of V. cholerae 0139 that hybridized with the ctx probe from bathing water suggests water may be important in the dissemination of the organism in the environment.…”

“…Uncooked seafood collected in markets in Samutsakorn and water stored in clay jars used for washing after defaecation were cultured for Vibrio cholerae using the millipore filter technique [8]. [9]. Little is known about the mode of transmission of this organism which appears to have pandemic potential.…”

“…Little is known about the mode of transmission of this organism which appears to have pandemic potential. V. cholerae 0139 infections have been reported in Bangladesh, Nepal, Malaysia, and Pakistan [9]. Imported cholera associated with V. cholerae 0139 has been reported in California [10], England and Wales [11], and Switzerland [12].…”

Anticancer and antibacterial secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. CAM64 against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria

“…Among the diarrheal diseases, cholera is a serious epidemic disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. 31 Vibrio cholerae, serotypes O1 and O139 has ability to produce an enterotoxin, cholera toxin that is a major determinant of virulence for cholera. Among the other virulence factors, ElT or hemolysin produced by Vibrio cholerae is also reportedly a potent toxin with both enterotoxic and cytotoxic activities.…”

Occurrence of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> in Some Households Engaged in Livestock Farming in Some Parts of Zaria, Nigeria

“…Until 1992, only serogroup O1 (out of more than 206 serogroups currently described) was recognized as a cause of cholera. In 1992, a new non-V. cholerae strain (subsequently designated V. cholerae O139) appeared in India and rapidly spread across much of Asia [13]. In Nigeria, outbreaks of this disease have been occurring with increasing frequency since the first outbreak of cholera in 1991 in Jos, in which Ogawa was the predominant serotype [14].…”