Spread of walnut (Juglans regia L.) in an Alpine valley is correlated with climate warming

Loacker, Klaus; Kofler, Werner; Pagitz, Konrad; Oberhuber, Walter

doi:10.1016/j.flora.2006.03.003

Cited by 31 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The age of wild walnut trees was calculated on the basis of their diameters measured at 30 cm above ground level, or at ground level in the case of saplings less than 3 years old [36] (for details see electronic supplementary material, S1). Because determining the exact time of field abandonment was very difficult, we have abandonment times for only 215 out of 479 fields.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant establishment and invasions: an increase in a seed disperser combined with land abandonment causes an invasion of the non-native walnut in Europe

et al. 2011

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Successful invasive species often are established for a long time period before increasing exponentially in abundance. This lag phase is one of the least understood phenomena of biological invasions. Plant invasions depend on three factors: a seed source, suitable habitat and a seed disperser. The non-native walnut, Juglans regia, has been planted for centuries in Central Europe but, until recently, has not spread beyond planted areas. However, in the past 20 years, we have observed a rapid increase in walnut abundance, specifically in abandoned agricultural fields. The dominant walnut disperser is the rook, Corvus frugilegus. During the past 50 years, rooks have increased in abundance and now commonly inhabit human settlements, where walnut trees are planted. Central Europe has, in the past few decades, experienced large-scale land abandonment. Walnut seeds dispersed into ploughed fields do not survive, but when cached into ploughed and then abandoned fields, they successfully establish. Rooks preferentially cache seeds in ploughed fields. Thus, land-use change combined with disperser changes can cause rapid increase of a non-native species, allowing it to become invasive. This may have cascading effects on the entire ecosystem. Thus, species that are non-native and not invasive can become invasive as habitats and dispersers change.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant establishment and invasions: an increase in a seed disperser combined with land abandonment causes an invasion of the non-native walnut in Europe

et al. 2011

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“…Such multispecies extensions of spatial population models thus have considerable potential for predicting range expansions of invasive or native species in a climate change context , Kissling et al 2012, Thuiller et al 2013). Yet, although multispecies extensions have existed for a long time, they are still rarely applied to specific species and Juglans regia has begun a rapid expansion into natural vegetation in central Europe by seed dispersal from planted trees; this expansion is facilitated by climatic warming (Loacker et al 2007), but also by an increasing abundance and changed behavior in its main disperser, the rook Corvus frugileus (Lenda et al 2012). The walnut case also illustrates how human-mediated long-distance dispersal may strongly enhance range expansions within biogeographic regions (where it may not be reasonable to consider the expanders as invasive species), potentially enhancing the scope for range shifts in response to future warming (Skov andSvenning 2004, Van der Veken et al 2008).…”

Section: Representation Of Interspecific Interactions In Process-basementioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of interspecific interactions on species range expansion rates

et al. 2014

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Ongoing and predicted global change makes understanding and predicting species’ range shifts an urgent scientific priority. Here, we provide a synthetic perspective on the so far poorly understood effects of interspecific interactions on range expansion rates. We present theoretical foundations for how interspecific interactions may modulate range expansion rates, consider examples from empirical studies of biological invasions and natural range expansions as well as process-based simulations, and discuss how interspecific interactions can be more broadly represented in process-based, spatiotemporally explicit range forecasts. Theory tells us that interspecific interactions affect expansion rates via alteration of local population growth rates and spatial displacement rates, but also via effects on other demographic parameters. The best empirical evidence for interspecific effects on expansion rates comes from studies of biological invasions. Notably, invasion studies indicate that competitive dominance and release from specialized enemies can enhance expansion rates. Studies of natural range expansions especially point to the potential for competition from resident species to reduce expansion rates. Overall, it is clear that interspecific interactions may have important consequences for range dynamics, but also that their effects have received too little attention to robustly generalize on their importance. We then discuss how interspecific interactions effects can be more widely incorporated in dynamic modeling of range expansions. Importantly, models must describe spatiotemporal variation in both local population dynamics and dispersal. Finally, we derive the following guidelines for when it is particularly important to explicitly represent interspecific interactions in dynamic range expansion forecasts: if most interacting species show correlated spatial or temporal trends in their effects on the target species, if the number of interacting species is low, and if the abundance of one or more strongly interacting species is not closely linked to the abundance of the target species.

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“…Jeger et al , 2007; Mumford, 2007), changed climate (Brooker et al , 2007; Chavarriaga et al , 2007), a debilitated plant host due to global change (e.g. Gómez‐Mendoza & Arriaga, 2007) or the spread of the host(s) outside their historic range facilitated by global change (Loacker et al , 2007; Zocca et al , 2008). Additional factors affecting novel plant pathosystems will be the increasing area covered by exotic plantations (e.g.…”

Section: Global Change and Invasive Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management

et al. 2010

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Global change (climate change together with other worldwide anthropogenic processes such as increasing trade, air pollution and urbanization) will affect plant health at the genetic, individual, population and landscape level. Direct effects include ecosystem stress due to natural resources shortage or imbalance. Indirect effects include (i) an increased frequency of natural detrimental phenomena, (ii) an increased pressure due to already present pests and diseases, (iii) the introduction of new invasive species either as a result of an improved suitability of the climatic conditions or as a result of increased trade, and (iv) the human response to global change. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies on terrestrial plant health in the presence of global change factors. We summarize the links between climate change and some key issues in plant health, including tree mortality, changes in wildfire regimes, biological invasions and the role of genetic diversity for ecosystem resilience. Prediction and management of global change effects are complicated by interactions between globalization, climate and invasive plants and/or pathogens. We summarize practical guidelines for landscape management and draw general conclusions from an expanding body of literature.

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Spread of walnut (Juglans regia L.) in an Alpine valley is correlated with climate warming

Cited by 31 publications

References 22 publications

Plant establishment and invasions: an increase in a seed disperser combined with land abandonment causes an invasion of the non-native walnut in Europe

Plant establishment and invasions: an increase in a seed disperser combined with land abandonment causes an invasion of the non-native walnut in Europe

The influence of interspecific interactions on species range expansion rates

Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management

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