Sri Lankan Rainfall Climate and its Modulation by El Nino and La Nina Episodes

Effect of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and local weather on Aedes vector activity from 2010 to 2018 in Kalutara district, Sri Lanka: a two-stage hierarchical analysis

“…ENSO is the strongest interannual climate cycle on Earth and affects the climate of Sri Lanka. 31 During El Niño events, the western parts of the island receive lower than normal rainfall during the southwest monsoon season (May-September) and higher than normal rainfall during the second intermonsoon season (October-November). 22,32 Temperature is higher in all seasons during El Niño years.…”

“…Negative ONI values might cause dry and hot conditions in Sri Lanka. 31,32 The resultant human behavioural adaptation could be increased water storage practices leading to increased availability of mosquito breeding places. The three vector indices have slightly different inferences regarding the distribution of mosquito breeding in a setting.…”

Climate change maladaptation for health: Agricultural practice against shifting seasonal rainfall affects snakebite risk for farmers in the tropics

“…This period included the El Nino events of both 2009–2010 & 2014–2016. Although ENSO events can have varying outcomes in precipitation timing and levels across different regions within Sri Lanka, 38 for the country as a whole the patterns can be summarized as follows: January–March both El Nino and La Nina decreases precipitation, April–June El Nino increases precipitation and La Nina decreases it, July-August La Nina increases precipitation and El Nino decreases it, October–December El Nino increases precipitation whereas La Nina decreases it. 39 , 40 …”

“…This period included the El Nino events of both 2009-2010 & 2014-2016. Although ENSO events can have varying outcomes in precipitation timing and levels across different regions within Sri Lanka,38 for Brief description of variables used in the model (adapted fromGoldstein et al 2021)…”

Seasonal Modulation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation’s Impact on Rainfall in Sri Lanka

“…Some studies define these same four seasons, but shift their timespans by up to a month (e.g., Wickramagamage 2016;Clark et al 2012;Zubair et al 2008). Other studies define only two seasons: the traditional agricultural seasons of Yala (approximately April-September) and Maha (approximately October-March) (e.g., Zubair et al 2008;Yahiya et al 2009;Burt and Weerasinghe 2014;Nissanka et al 2011). We chose to define four seasons (rather than two) for greater temporal precision, and we chose the timespans of these four seasons to match what we found most frequently in the literature (e.g., Mathanraj and Kaleel 2017;Nisansala et al 2020).…”