“…However, studies have revealed only modest accuracy of teacher judgments of students’ absolute ability levels (i.e., absolute judgment accuracy). Many students (especially those with higher academic self-concepts and lower test anxiety) are strongly overestimated by their teachers, whereas others are notably underestimated (especially those with lower academic self-concepts and higher test anxiety; Urhahne et al, 2011; Zhu & Urhahne, 2015; also see Begeny et al, 2008, 2011; Bergold, 2014; de Boer et al, 2010; Feinberg & Shapiro, 2009; Spinath, 2005; Stang & Urhahne, 2016a, 2016b), potentially leading to unfavorable consequences for these students such as misplacement to educational programs or learning groups, negative motivational dynamics, inadequate tracking recommendations, and flattened academic development, both in the short term (Baker et al, 2015; Gentrup et al, 2020; Jussim, 1989) and in the long term (Alvidrez & Weinstein, 1999; Fischbach et al, 2013; Sorhagen, 2013). It is crucial to identify sources of bias in absolute teacher judgments to increase their accuracy.…”