Stability of Coniferous Tree Stems in Relation to Damage by Snow

Petty, J. A.; Worrell, R.B.

doi:10.1093/forestry/54.2.115

Cited by 137 publications

(94 citation statements)

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“…Correspondingly, the resistance to stem breakage relies on values for the modulus of rupture determined for different species of timber (Jones, 1983;Morgan and Cannell, 1994). A tree is assumed to break if the breaking stress acting on the stem exceeds the critical value of the modulus of rupture (Sunley, 1968;Petty and Worrel, 1981;Petty and Swain, 1985;Peltola et al, 1999a).…”

Section: The Mechanistic Wind Damage Model Hwindmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of clear-cutting on the risk of wind damage at forest edges

Zeng

Peltola

Talkkari

et al. 2004

Forest Ecology and Management

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Section: The Mechanistic Wind Damage Model Hwindmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of clear-cutting on the risk of wind damage at forest edges

Zeng

Peltola

Talkkari

et al. 2004

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…Therefore, the mean is less representative of the plots, differs little from the mean for high levels of damage and, finally, the correlation with damage level is low. It would therefore be appropriate to be able to characterise the root plates of the undamaged pines in order to check this hypothesis and demonstrate the relative importance of root and aerial systems [38,50]. Studies based on modelling the architecture of undamaged pines [14] and windthrow were undertaken with this in mind [5,18].…”

Section: Further Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind-firmness in Pinus pinaster A�t. stands in Southwest France: influence of stand density, fertilisation and breeding in two experimental stands damaged during the 1999 storm

Cucchi

Bert

2003

Ann. For. Sci.

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-Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) stands in the Aquitaine region are of great economic importance but subject to Atlantic storms. In the Bordeaux region, two experimental sites located near each other, aged 20 and 51 years, made it possible to study the effects of different types of silviculture on wind-firmness during the 1999 storm. Stand density has a major influence on tree growth. When density increases, height increases and circumference decreases appreciably. In the dense stands, windthrown trees were less abundant and there were more leaning pines. With respect to other silvicultural factors in stands planted at typical densities: (i) genetic breeding did not increase damage intensity at the 20-year-old experimental site and phosphorus fertilisation decreased the windthrow at the 51-year-old experimental site; (ii) compared to the undamaged trees, the circumference of windthrown trees was 3.6 cm smaller, the relative crown length was 10% shorter and the stem taper coefficient was higher. This research has shown that wind-firmness is better in stands where the height, circumference and crown length are homogeneous. A more closed canopy seems to improve wind resistance by increasing the damping effect of swaying as a result of the crowns being in contact with each other and provides a more favourable ratio between the aerial parts and the roots.windthrow / silviculture / Pinus pinaster / stability / storm Résumé -Résistance au vent de peuplements de pin maritime dans le sud-ouest de la France. Influence de la densité, de la fertilisation et de l'amélioration génétique sur deux dispositifs endommagés lors de la tempête du 27 décembre 1999. Les peuplements de Pinus pinaster en Aquitaine sont économiquement très importants mais exposés aux tempêtes océaniques. Dans la région de Bordeaux, deux dispositifs de 20 et 51 ans peu éloignés ont permis d'étudier l'influence de la sylviculture sur la résistance au vent lors de la tempête de 1999. La densité est le facteur sylvicole le plus influent sur les caractéristiques des peuplements. Quand la densité augmente, la circonférence moyenne diminue notablement et la hauteur moyenne a tendance à augmenter. Les chablis étaient moins abondants et les pins penchés plus nombreux dans les peuplements denses. Pour les densités pratiquées en forêt de production : (i) l'amélioration génétique n'a pas augmenté l'intensité des dégâts dans l'essai de 20 ans, et la fertilisation au phosphore a réduit le taux de chablis sur l'essai de 51 ans ; (ii) par rapport aux pins intacts, les chablis ont une circonférence inférieure de 3,6 cm, une longueur relative de houppier plus courte de 10 % et un coefficient d'élancement du tronc plus fort. Ces caractéristiques peuvent traduire la diminution des capacités d'amortissement du balancement des arbres lors des bourrasques. Ces recherches ont montré que la résistance au vent est meilleure dans les peuplements homogènes en hauteur, circonférence ou longueur de houppier. Un couvert plus fermé semble améliorer la résistance au vent en augm...

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“…Common forms of snow-induced forest damage include stem breakage and bending or leaning of stems, but trees can also be uprooted if the soil is unfrozen (Petty and Worrell 1981;Valinger et al 1994;Nykänen et al 1997). Tree and stand characteristics (e.g., crown type, stem taper and strength and stand density) control the resistance of trees to snow, and some tree species are thus more vulnerable to snow damage than others (Valinger et al 1993;Nykänen et al 1997;Peltola et al 1997Peltola et al , 1999Fridman 1997, 1999;Päätalo 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling crown snow loads in Finland: a comparison of two methods

Lehtonen¹,

Hoppula²,

Pirinen³

et al. 2014

Silva Fenn.

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Modelling crown snow loads in Finland: a comparison of two methodsLehtonen I., Hoppula P., Pirinen P., Gregow H. (2014). Modelling crown snow loads in Finland: a comparison of two methods. Silva Fennica vol. 48 no. 3 article id 1120. 30 p. Highlights• A new method to model crown snow loads is presented and compared with a previously published simpler method.• The heaviest crown snow loads in Finland are found to typically occur in the eastern parts of the country.• The relative importance of different snow load types varies between different regions of Finland. AbstractThe spatial occurrence of heavy crown snow loads in Finland between 1961 and 2010 is studied by using for the first time a model that classifies the snow load into four different types: rime, dry snow, wet snow and frozen snow. In producing this climatology, we used meteorological observations made at 29 locations across Finland. The model performance is evaluated against classified daily images of canopy snow cover and with the help of two short case studies. The results are further compared to those achieved with a simpler method used in previous studies. The heaviest crown snow loads are found to occur typically in eastern Finland. The new method reveals that this holds not only for the total snow loads but also for the different snow load types, although there are certain differences in their geographical occurrence. The greatest benefit achieved with the new method is the inclusion of rime accretion. The forests most prone to heavy riming are those located on tree-covered hills in northern Finland, but as the terrain elevation affects riming efficiency greatly, these small-scale variations in the snow load amounts could not be described in this study in great detail. Moreover, the results are more inaccurate in northern Finland where variations in the terrain elevation are greater than elsewhere. Otherwise, the largest uncertainties in this study are related to wind speed measurements and possibly partly because of that, we were not able to detect any significant trends in the crown snow-load amounts over the study period.

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Stability of Coniferous Tree Stems in Relation to Damage by Snow

Cited by 137 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of clear-cutting on the risk of wind damage at forest edges

Influence of clear-cutting on the risk of wind damage at forest edges

Wind-firmness in Pinus pinaster A�t. stands in Southwest France: influence of stand density, fertilisation and breeding in two experimental stands damaged during the 1999 storm

Modelling crown snow loads in Finland: a comparison of two methods

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