Stability of Hill's spherical vortex

Abstract

We study stability of a spherical vortex introduced by M. Hill in 1894, which is an explicit solution of the three‐dimensional incompressible Euler equations. The flow is axi‐symmetric with no swirl, the vortex core is simply a ball sliding on the axis of symmetry with a constant speed, and the vorticity in the core is proportional to the distance from the symmetry axis. We use the variational setting introduced by A. Friedman and B. Turkington (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 1981), which produced a maximizer of the kinetic energy under constraints on vortex strength, impulse, and circulation. We match the set of maximizers with the Hill's vortex via the uniqueness result of C. Amick and L. Fraenkel (Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 1986). The matching process is done by an approximation near exceptional points (so‐called metrical boundary points) of the vortex core. As a consequence, the stability up to a translation is obtained by using a concentrated compactness method.