Stability of internal response and external load during 4-a-side football game in an indoor environment

Hůlka, Karel; Weisser, Radim; Bělka, Jan; Háp, Pavel

doi:10.5507/ag.2015.003

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…min -1 ranged from high to nearly perfect across different SSG formats ( Tables 1 and 2 ). This result is in agreement with previous studies examining session-to-session variations in 3v3+Gk SSGs (ICC: 0.68) [ 24 ], 4-a-side indoor SSGs (ICC: 0.76) [ 22 ], and 6-a-side format SSG (ICC: 0.84; 0.89) [ 21 , 23 ]. The CV of TD .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…min -1 ranged from 2.2 to 4.6% in all SSG formats ( Tables 1 and 2 ). These values are in line with other studies that reported values of ~3–5% [ 10 , 11 , 21 , 23 , 24 ], but slightly lower than those reporting ~6–8% [ 6 , 16 , 22 ]. The higher CV values reported in other studies may be related to different influential factors, including the SSG format (< 3v3) [ 6 ], the type of technology used to capture the external load measure (GPS vs. video motion tracker) [ 22 ], and the experience level of the participants (amateur vs. professional) [ 16 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Session-to-session variations in external load measures during small-sided games in professional soccer players

Younesi¹,

Rabbani²,

Clemente

et al. 2021

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The aims of this study were 1) to analyse session-to-session variations in different external load measures and 2) to examine differences in within-session intervals across different small-sided game (SSG) formats in professional players. Twenty professional soccer players (mean ± SD; age 28.1 ± 4.6 years, height 176.7 ± 4.9 cm, body mass 72.0 ± 7.8 kg, and body fat 10.3 ± 3.8%) participated in 3v3, 4v4, and 6v6 SSGs under different conditions (i.e., touch limitations and presence of goalkeepers vs. free touch and ball possession drill) over three sessions. Selected external load measures—including total distance (TD), high-intensity running (HIR, distance covered > 14.4 km . h -1 ), high-speed running (HSR, distance covered > 19.8 km . h -1 ), and mechanical work (MW, accelerations and deceleration > 2.2 m . s 2 )—were recorded using GPS technology during all SSG sessions. Small to large standardized typical errors were observed in session-to-session variations of selected measures across SSGs. TD . min -1 showed less variability, having a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.2 to 4.6%, while all other selected external load measures had CV values ranging from 7.2% to 29.4%. Trivial differences were observed between intervals in TD . min -1 and HIR . min -1 for all SSGs, as well as in HSR . min -1 and MW . min -1 for most SSG formats. No reductions or incremental trends in session-to-session variations were observed when employing touch limitations or adding goalkeepers. The increased noise observed in higher speed zones (e.g., high-speed running) suggests a need for more controlled, running-based conditional drills if the aim is greater consistency in these measures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Session-to-session variations in external load measures during small-sided games in professional soccer players

Younesi¹,

Rabbani²,

Clemente

et al. 2021

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“…HRex [61,70,85,89,92,95,112], specific fixed time points [5,45,59,75,82,83,87,90,97,104,105,107,121], or peak values observed [81,101].…”

Section: Heart Rate Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such kinematic parameters are routinely collected using global positioning systems (GPS) or other tracking technologies (i.e., semi-automated pixel tracking, local positioning systems). In the team-sports SMFT framework, the use of level 1-2 mechanical outcome measures can occur in two scenarios: 1) monitoring the speed achieved to a submaximal exercise that is standardised by internal intensity responses [49,153], and 2) monitoring the changes in these variables during intermittent-variable standardised drills [61][62][63]70,85,89,98,108,112,119,131,154], since they are standardised by a variety of other parameters such as duration, sets, recovery and unique constraints (e.g., number of players, rules modifications). Whilst the former is considered less practical in team-sports for many pragmatic reasons, the latter are implemented as a part of the training plan, encompassing sport specific actions and are perhaps the most feasible to apply repeatedly [7,130].…”

Section: Level 1-2 Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

Shushan¹,

Lovell²,

McLaren³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Team-sports staff often administer non-exhaustive exercise assessments with a view to evaluating current physiological state or fitness–fatigue status, to inform decision-making on athlete management (e.g., future training or recovery). Submaximal Fitness Tests (SMFT) have become prominent in team-sports settings for observing responses to a standardised physical stimulus, likely due to their time-efficient nature, relative ease of administration and physiological rationale. It is evident, however, that many variations of SMFT characteristics, response measures and monitoring purposes exist. The aim of this review is to provide a theoretical framework of SMFT and a detailed summary of their use as indicators of fitness–fatigue status in team-sports. Using a systematic review of the literature, we identified five distinct SMFT protocols characterised in their combinations of exercise regimen (continuous or intermittent) and the progression of exercise intensity (fixed, incremental or variable). Heart rate (HR) derived indices were the most studied outcome measures in SMFT and included exercise (HR exercise) and recovery (HR recovery and vagal-related HR variability) responses. Despite the disparity between studies, these measures appear more relevant to detect positive changes in fitness (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake, intermittent endurance capacity), whereas their role in detecting fatigue associated with variations in ANS function is not yet clear. Psycho-physiological outcome measures such as ratings of perceived exertion were less common SMFT outcome measures in team-sports, but their potential utility when collected alongside objective measures (e.g., HR exercise) has been advocated. Mechanical outcome measures included Global-Positioning-System-derived locomotor variables—such as distance covered, primarily during standardised training drills (e.g., small-sided games) to monitor exercise performance (i.e., fitness status)—or response measures derived from inertial-measurement units to monitor lower limb neuromuscular function and subsequently fatigue status. Whilst there is an emerging interest regarding the utility of these mechanical measures, their measurement properties and underpinning mechanisms are yet to be fully established. Further, it is essential to better understand the methodological aspects of SMFT characteristics in relation to all outcome measures. Herein, we provide a deeper synthesis of the available literature, culminating with best-evidence practical recommendations and directions for future research.

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“…Researchers and practitioners require evidence of reliability (and validity) to justify measurement approaches that are used for surveillance, screening, training evaluation, and training workouts. The knowledge of various sources of measurement errors helps individuals to better understand the collected data and the overall analysed phenomenon (Hůlka, Weisser, Bělka & Háp, 2015). These characters of the test should be completed with the ability of a measure to change over a particular pre-specified time frame.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2018

JPES

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The aims of the study were to determine validity of the K-test and to determine reliability, usefulness, and responsiveness. The research study involved a total of 98 football players in the U17 and U19 categories from Czech Republic (men; age 16.9 ± 1.3 years, height = 177.1 ± 4.6 cm, weight = 68.7 ± 4.6 kg). The speed and agility K-test was applied. The time was measured by electronic timing gates. The high intraclass correlation coefficient value (ICC = 0.89; 90% CI: [0.83, 0.93]) implies a very high level of intra-rater reliability. The value only 0.10 s (0.092-0.13 s) for standard error of measurement was found and therefore the coefficient of variation was 0.93 % (0.85-0.95 %). The smallest worthwhile change was 0.29, thus 2.68 %. The results of t test (t0=0.24) comparing third and fourth (after intervention) ratified null hypothesis about size of intervention effect to K-test results, and smallest worthwhile change was 0.02. This study showed empirical support to the construct validity of K-test as indicators of match-related physical performance in top level professional football players. We consider K-test to be practical, specific, reliable, valid, and useful test to evaluate agility performance of football players.

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Stability of internal response and external load during 4-a-side football game in an indoor environment

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Session-to-session variations in external load measures during small-sided games in professional soccer players

Session-to-session variations in external load measures during small-sided games in professional soccer players

Submaximal Fitness Tests in Team Sports: A Theoretical Framework for Evaluating Physiological State

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