Stability of the Distribution of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Scores Against Age in the General Population: Data From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Tomitaka, Shinichiro; Kawasaki, Yohei; Ide, Kazuki; Akutagawa, Maiko; Ono, Yutaka; Furukawa, Toshi A

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00390

Cited by 43 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…[ 20 , 26 ] For PHQ-9, the scores vary from 3,0 (+/−4,3; for population in age of 30–39) to 5,2 (+/− 5.06). [ 26 , 27 ] To detect a 20% difference separately in anxiety (GAD-7 scale) and depression levels (PHQ-9 scale) between the studied countries using a power of 80% and a margin error of 0.05, [ 25 ] the calculated sample size for GAD-7 is 394 in every single country and for PHQ-9 calculated sample size is 372 in every single country. Values yielding higher sample sizes will be used.…”

Section: Methods and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Kajdy¹,

et al. 2020

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Section: Methods and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Kajdy¹,

et al. 2020

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“…Scores of 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, and 20-27 indicate mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression respectively. A normative score of 3.2 is seen for people in the 18-29 age bracket [130].…”

Section: The Patient Health Questionnaire (Phq-9 [128])mentioning

confidence: 97%

Alexithymia may explain the relationship between autistic traits and eating disorder psychopathology

et al. 2020

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Background: Autistic people are disproportionately vulnerable to anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders (ED), and within the general population, autistic traits correlate with ED psychopathology. A putative mechanism which may underpin this heightened risk is alexithymia, a difficulty identifying and describing emotional states which is observed in both autism and ED. In two experiments with independent non-clinical samples, we explored whether alexithymia might mediate the heightened risk of eating psychopathology in individuals high in autistic traits. Methods: Our first experiment used the PROCESS macro for SPSS to examine relationships between alexithymia (measured by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)), autistic traits (autism quotient (AQ)), and eating psychopathology (Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26)) in 121 participants. Our second experiment (n = 300) replicated and furthered this analysis by examining moderating effects of sex and controlling for anxiety and depression as covariates. We also included an additional performance-based measure of alexithymia, the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS). Results: Study 1 suggested that TAS-20 scores mediated the relationship between heightened autistic traits and eating psychopathology. Replication and further scrutiny of this finding, in study 2, revealed that this mediation effect was partial and specific to the female participants in this sample. The mediation effect appeared to be carried by the difficulty identifying feelings subscale of the TAS-20, even when depression and anxiety were controlled for. LEAS scores, however, were not significantly related to autistic traits or eating psychopathology. Limitations: Cross-sectional data prevents any conclusions around the direction and causality of relationships between alexithymia, autistic traits, and eating psychopathology (alongside depression and anxiety), necessitating longitudinal research. Our non-clinical sample was predominantly Caucasian undergraduate students, so it remains to be seen if these results would extrapolate to clinical and/or autistic samples. Divergence between the TAS-20 and LEAS raises crucial questions regarding the construct validity of these measures. Conclusions: Our findings with respect to autistic traits suggest that alexithymia could partially explain the prevalence of ED in autistic people and may as such be an important consideration in the pathogenesis and treatment of ED in autistic and non-autistic people alike. Further research with clinical samples is critical to explore these ideas. Differences between men and women, furthermore, emphasize the importance of looking for sexspecific as well as generic risk factors in autistic and non-autistic men and women.

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“…Data of depressive symptoms measured using instruments also have a positive skewness as most non-clinical populations report few symptoms [21]. According to a recent study, the PHQ-9 showed exponential distribution, as confirmed in studies conducted in the general population [22]. Thus, providing normative data for the PHQ-9 based on z or T scores would not be accurate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Normative data and psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in a nationally representative Korean population

Shin

et al. 2020

BMC Psychiatry

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Background: The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) has been standardized in several populations and is widely used in clinical practice and health care. However, it has not been appropriately standardized in the Korean general population, and no normative data have been presented. The aim of this study was to provide the normative data and psychometric properties of the PHQ-9 in the nationally representative population of Korea. Methods: We used the nationwide cross-sectional survey data of Korea from 2014 to 2016. The data of 10,759 individuals aged over 19 years were analyzed in this study. As the distribution of the PHQ-9 scores was not normative, the percentile ranks for raw scores were provided. The survey questionnaires included the PHQ-9, The EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D), and demographic characteristics. We analyzed the construct validity and internal consistency of the PHQ-9. Results: The normative data of the PHQ-9 were generated according to the sex and different age categories. The correlation coefficient between the sum of the PHQ-9 scores and the EQ-5D index was 0.44, which was moderate. The most appropriate model was the two-factor model with five 'affective-somatic' labeled items and four 'cognitive' labeled items. Cronbach's α for the PHQ-9 was 0.79. Conclusions: Our result supports reliability and validity with two-factor structure of PHQ-9 for measuring depression in the Korean nationally representative population. The Korean normative data on the PHQ-9 according to percentile rank can assist in interpreting and comparing scores with other populations.

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Stability of the Distribution of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Scores Against Age in the General Population: Data From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Cited by 43 publications

References 32 publications

Risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Risk factors for anxiety and depression among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Alexithymia may explain the relationship between autistic traits and eating disorder psychopathology

Normative data and psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in a nationally representative Korean population

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