Stabilization of Heavy Oil‐Water Emulsions using a Bio/Chemical Emulsifier Mixture

Farahbakhsh, Afshin; Taghizadeh, Majid; Yakhchali, Bagher; Movagharnejad, Kamyar

doi:10.1002/ceat.201100169

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As given in Section 2, unconventional (heavy) oil often contains endogenous surfactants, mainly naphthenic acids with a small amount of linear alkanoic acids, tetra-acids, sulfonic acids, asphaltenic acids, etc. 61,73,386,388 In food processing and other emulsion systems, both natural and synthetic surfactants are used as emulsifiers, including commercial nonionic surfactants, 389 bioemulsifiers, 390 polymers, 391 and CO 2 -responsive switchable surfactants. 392 Natural surfactants.…”

Section: Integrated Thin Film Drainage Apparatus (Itfda)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the molecular mechanisms of enhanced emulsification remain to be established, viscosity reduction of the heavy oil has been observed as a result of emulsion formation when surfactants are added into the system. 390 The switchable surfactants are another important type of novel emulsifiers for controlling the stability of oil-water emulsions. 392,398 As reported, the acetamidines containing a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain could serve as switchable surfactants responsive to CO 2 addition.…”

Section: Integrated Thin Film Drainage Apparatus (Itfda)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interfacial sciences in unconventional petroleum production: from fundamentals to applications

et al. 2015

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With the ever increasing demand for energy to meet the needs of growth in population and improvement in the living standards in particular in developing countries, the abundant unconventional oil reserves (about 70% of total world oil), such as heavy oil, oil/tar sands and shale oil, are playing an increasingly important role in securing global energy supply. Compared with the conventional reserves unconventional oil reserves are characterized by extremely high viscosity and density, combined with complex chemistry. As a result, petroleum production from unconventional oil reserves is much more difficult and costly with more serious environmental impacts. As a key underpinning science, understanding the interfacial phenomena involved in unconventional petroleum production, such as oil liberation from host rocks, oil-water emulsions and demulsification, is critical for developing novel processes to improve oil production while reducing GHG emission and other environmental impacts at a lower operating cost. In the past decade, significant efforts and advances have been made in applying the principles of interfacial sciences to better understand complex unconventional oil-systems, while many environmental and production challenges remain. In this critical review, the recent research findings and progress in the interfacial sciences related to unconventional petroleum production are critically reviewed. In particular, the chemistry of unconventional oils, liberation mechanisms of oil from host rocks and mechanisms of emulsion stability and destabilization in unconventional oil production systems are discussed in detail. This review also seeks to summarize the current state-of-the-art characterization techniques and brings forward the challenges and opportunities for future research in this important field of physical chemistry and petroleum.

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Section: Integrated Thin Film Drainage Apparatus (Itfda)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Integrated Thin Film Drainage Apparatus (Itfda)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interfacial sciences in unconventional petroleum production: from fundamentals to applications

et al. 2015

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“…MAGs together with di‐ and TAGs are generated during the enzymatic esterification process . MAGs are known to be hydrophobic emulsifiers and are widely used as additives in the food, cosmetics, and chemical industries . Thus, the ability to influence the MAG content of the oil via the enzymatic esterification process allows direct customization of the oil properties for specific technical applications.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme‐assisted deacidification of Jatropha crude oil by statistical design of experiments

Gofferjé

Gebhardt

Stäbler

et al. 2014

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Jatropha curcas L. crude oil has variable and often high free fatty acid content. As free fatty acids are corrosive, the crude oil has to be refined prior to its utilization in technical applications. Conventional refining processes have several environmental and energetic shortcomings, and there is a clear need for more sustainable pathways. In this study, an enzymatic method was studied for the neutralization of Jatropha oil. Detailed insight into the process was achieved by means of a statistical design of experiments utilizing an immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The free fatty acids were esterified with glycerol. The most important impact factors and interactions between factors were identified with regard to acid number reduction and the MAG, DAG, and glycerol content. Validation experiments showed that the models obtained for acid number and, mono- and DAG development were valid and adequate for optimizing the esterification reaction for the desired application. The results generated in this study open the possibility of modifying – within limits – the vegetable oil composition depending on the target application requirements. The acid number of the crude Jatropha oil could be decreased to 0.4 mg KOH per g oil by means of enzymatic esterification. The MAG content can be adjusted between 1.5 and 5.0% (w/w) and DAG content between 15.6 and 27.1% (w/w). The enzyme regeneration procedure that was developed allows multiple use of the enzyme at practically constant activity. Practical applications: Due to the advantages of an enzyme-assisted neutralization procedure, future industrial application of this technology is of great interest. Higher oil yields, no generation of waste water, and the avoidance of aggressive chemicals mean this process has greater sustainability than the conventional approach requiring the addition of strong bases to the oil in order to saponify the free fatty acids. Currently, enzymatic processes tend not to be economically viable due the relatively high cost of the enzymes. However, the costs are likely to decrease in the future as demand for them increases. Additionally, enzyme regeneration, which was carried out successfully in this work, offers the opportunity to further lower the process costs

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“…As indicated in Tab. 1, the experimental conditions were determined by an L 9 orthogonal array of quality engineering method 25–30. Four parameters were selected as factors for the adhesion of the hydrate on the inner wall of the equipment, i.e., operation time, refrigerant temperature, circulating water flow rate, and O 3 +O 2 +CO 2 gas supply volume ratios to the heat exchanger inlet versus outlet.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Operation of Continuous Ozone Hydrate Production

et al. 2021

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In a previous study, we have experimentally demonstrated the continuous formation of O3+O2+CO2 hydrate. Here, improved results for the O3+O2+CO2 hydrate formation are reported. By forming O3+O2+CO2 hydrate at a low temperature and higher O3 gas concentration in the gas phase, the O3 concentration in the hydrates was increased to be 0.41 mass %, which was 1.6 times higher than our past record. One‐quarter reduction of the induction time for O3+O2+CO2 hydrate formation was also achieved by raising the initial volume ratio of CO2 in the feed gas in the range of 2–2.9 times that of our previous study. Also, the overall heat transfer coefficient during O3+O2+CO2 hydrate continuous formation was experimentally determined.

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Stabilization of Heavy Oil‐Water Emulsions using a Bio/Chemical Emulsifier Mixture

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Interfacial sciences in unconventional petroleum production: from fundamentals to applications

Interfacial sciences in unconventional petroleum production: from fundamentals to applications

Enzyme‐assisted deacidification of Jatropha crude oil by statistical design of experiments

Improved Operation of Continuous Ozone Hydrate Production

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