Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 May Recover Brain–Gut Axis and Gut–Brain Axis Function

Abstract

Conceptually, a wide beneficial effect, both peripherally and centrally, might have been essential for the harmony of brain–gut and gut–brain axes’ function. Seen from the original viewpoint of the gut peptides’ significance and brain relation, the favorable stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 evidence in the brain–gut and gut–brain axes' function might have been presented as a particular interconnected network. These were the behavioral findings (interaction with main systems, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, antidepressant effect, counteracted catalepsy, and positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms models). Muscle healing and function recovery appeared as the therapeutic effects of BPC 157 on the various muscle disabilities of a multitude of causes, both peripheral and central. Heart failure was counteracted (including arrhythmias and thrombosis), and smooth muscle function recovered. These existed as a multimodal muscle axis impact on muscle function and healing as a function of the brain–gut axis and gut–brain axis as whole. Finally, encephalopathies, acting simultaneously in both the periphery and central nervous system, BPC 157 counteracted stomach and liver lesions and various encephalopathies in NSAIDs and insulin rats. BPC 157 therapy by rapidly activated collateral pathways counteracted the vascular and multiorgan failure concomitant to major vessel occlusion and, similar to noxious procedures, reversed initiated multicausal noxious circuit of the occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome. Severe intracranial (superior sagittal sinus) hypertension, portal and caval hypertensions, and aortal hypotension were attenuated/eliminated. Counteracted were the severe lesions in the brain, lungs, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. In particular, progressing thrombosis, both peripherally and centrally, and heart arrhythmias and infarction that would consistently occur were fully counteracted and/or almost annihilated. To conclude, we suggest further BPC 157 therapy applications.

The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity

“…This review highlights the particular aspects of the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 pleiotropic beneficial activity [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ] and its possible relations with neurotransmitters’ activity [ 12 , 13 , 14 ] so far not emphasized.…”

“…There, the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 studies, already largely reviewed [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], share some major worth-mentioning points given its development in the early 1990s [ 15 ] as a late outbreak of the already advanced, but not fully implemented, cytoprotection concept. Note that the cytoprotection concept, as originated by Robert [ 16 , 17 ] and Szabo [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], is commonly regarded as a breakthrough in gastroenterology [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

“…Presently, BPC 157 therapy has still limited but encouraging clinical evidence (no toxicity in clinical trials (i.e., effective in ulcerative colitis, phase II) and toxicology studies without lethal dose (LD1)), and much more should be further achieved [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. On the other hand, there is additional supportive evidence for the pleiotropic beneficial effect that can largely overwhelm possible limitations.…”

“…On the other hand, there is additional supportive evidence for the pleiotropic beneficial effect that can largely overwhelm possible limitations. Given the cytoprotection concept born in the stomach (innate prevention of the stomach epithelial [ 16 , 17 ] and endothelial [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] cell necrosis that should be extended to other tissue healing), BPC 157, native and stable in human gastric juice can be a cytoprotection mediator as it is not destroyed in human gastric juice for more than 24 h [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Worth mentioning, as Selye’s stress concept (Selye’s stress response against various noxious agents to reestablish homeostasis) [ 31 , 32 ] gave birth years later to Robert’s cytoprotection concept [ 16 , 17 ] (for review see, i.e., [ 33 ]), the cytoprotection concept holds a response that is specifically related to prevent or recover damage as such.…”

“…BPC 157 therapy consistently holds µg-ng dose range applied alone without carrier addition and has no sequence homology with known gut peptides [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 15 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 33 ]. This ascertains its essential advantage in peptides background that the peptide’s background can be easily combined with cytoprotection pleiotropic beneficial effect and the obtained effects as proof that it avoids practical and theoretical limitations that impede peptides from showing undisputed activity (for review, see [ 10 ]).…”