Stable Tetrodotoxin Production by Bacillus sp. Strain 1839

Melnikova, Daria I.; Vlasenko, Anna E.; Magarlamov, Timur Yu.

doi:10.3390/md17120704

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, these bacteria occurred in all nemerteans presently studied with the predominance in the TTX-bearing species. In concordance with this, TTX-producing bacteria were found in TTX-negative nemerteans [12,21]. Nevertheless, one may conclude that TTX-positive nemerteans tend to accumulate more TTX-producing strains in their microflora compared to TTX-negative ones.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…The bacterial strain Bacillus sp. 1839 isolated from C. simula was also reported to produce TTX first by using confocal laser scanning microscopy with polyclonal anti-TTX antibodies [19], and later on, by means of LC-MS/MS analysis [21]. In the present study, Bacillus species were more abundant in the microflora of non-TTX-bearing nemerteans, especially, in H. juliae and Parahubrechtia sp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…These were found in cultivable microflora of nemerteans. Members of the genera Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, and Bacillus isolated from both TTX-bearing and non-TTX-bearing nemerteans were claimed to synthesize TTX [12,[18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Microbial Community of Tetrodotoxin-Bearing and Non-Tetrodotoxin-Bearing Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from the Sea of Japan

Melnikova

Magarlamov

2020

Marine Drugs

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A potent marine toxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX), found in a great variety of marine and some terrestrial species, leaves intriguing questions about its origin and distribution in marine ecosystems. TTX-producing bacteria were found in the cultivable microflora of many TTX-bearing hosts, thereby providing strong support for the hypothesis that the toxin is of bacterial origin in these species. However, metagenomic studies of TTX-bearing animals addressing the whole microbial composition and estimating the contribution of TTX-producing bacteria to the overall toxicity of the host were not conducted. The present study is the first to characterize and compare the 16S rRNA gene data obtained from four TTX-bearing and four non-TTX-bearing species of marine ribbon worms. The statistical analysis showed that different nemertean species harbor distinct bacterial communities, while members of the same species mostly share more similar microbiomes. The bacterial species historically associated with TTX production were found in all studied samples but predominated in TTX-bearing nemertean species. This suggests that deeper knowledge of the microbiome of TTX-bearing animals is a key to understanding the origin of TTX in marine ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

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The Microbial Community of Tetrodotoxin-Bearing and Non-Tetrodotoxin-Bearing Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from the Sea of Japan

Melnikova

Magarlamov

2020

Marine Drugs

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“…Bacillus (phylum: Firmicutes) was detected in the digestive glands from P. australis from high TTX sites and has previously been described as a potential TTX producer (Chau, 2013) and TTX was recently detected in the strain Bacillus sp. 1839 tested after 5 years of cultivation in the laboratory (Melnikova et al, 2019). However, the concentrations detected in the culture were low and would not likely account for the extremely high concentrations in higher trophic organisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Bacterial Communities From Tetrodotoxin-Bearing and Non-tetrodotoxin-Bearing Clams

et al. 2020

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is one of the most potent naturally occurring compounds and is responsible for many human intoxications worldwide. Paphies australis are endemic clams to New Zealand which contain varying concentrations of TTX. Research suggests that P. australis accumulate the toxin exogenously, but the source remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to identify potential bacterial TTX-producers by exploring differences in bacterial communities in two organs of P. australis: the siphon and digestive gland. Samples from the digestive glands of a non-toxic bivalve Austrovenus stutchburyi that lives amongst toxic P. australis populations were also analyzed. Bacterial communities were characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA gene metabarcoding in P. australis sourced monthly from the Hokianga Harbor, a site known to have TTXbearing clams, for 1 year, from ten sites with varying TTX concentrations around New Zealand, and in A. stutchburyi from the Hokianga Harbor. Tetrodotoxin was detected in P. australis from sites all around New Zealand and in all P. australis collected monthly from the Hokianga Harbor. The toxin averaged 150 µg kg −1 over the year of sampling in the Hokianga Harbor but no TTX was detected in the A. stutchburyi samples from the same site. Bacterial species diversity differed amongst sites (p < 0.001, F = 5.9) and the diversity in siphon samples was significantly higher than in digestive glands (p < 0.001, F = 65.8). Spirochaetaceae (4-60%) and Mycoplasmataceae (16-78%) were the most abundant families in the siphons and the digestive glands, respectively. The bacterial communities were compared between sites with the lowest TTX concentrations and the Hokianga Harbor (site with the highest TTX concentrations), and the core bacterial communities from TTX-bearing individuals were analyzed. The results from both spatial and temporal studies corroborate with previous hypotheses that Vibrio and Bacillus could be responsible for the source of TTX in bivalves. The results from this study also indicate that marine cyanobacteria, in particular picocyanobacteria (e.g., Cyanobium, Synechococcus, Pleurocapsa, and Prochlorococcus), should be investigated further as potential TTX producers.

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“…Some earlier evidence on the TTX presence in bacterial cultures has come under scrutiny due to the limitations of unspecific fluorescence-based detection methods utilised at the time [ 55 , 56 , 57 ]. Thanks to a wider availability of highly specific and selective LC-MS-based chemical methods, more reports, confirming TTX in bacterial cultures isolated from various TTX-bearing organisms, have recently emerged [ 17 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. The only TTX-producing bacterial genus, isolated and identified to date from bivalves (specifically from Mytilus spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

et al. 2021

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A potent and heat-stable tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been found to accumulate in various marine bivalve species, including Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), raising a food safety concern. While several studies on geographical occurrence of TTX have been conducted, there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution of the toxin within and between bivalves. We, therefore, measured TTX in the whole flesh, mantle, gills, labial palps, digestive gland, adductor muscle and intravalvular fluid of C. gigas using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Weekly monitoring during summer months revealed the highest TTX concentrations in the digestive gland (up to 242 µg/kg), significantly higher than in other oyster tissues. Intra-population variability of TTX, measured in the whole flesh of each of twenty animals, reached 46% and 32% in the two separate batches, respectively. In addition, an inter-population study was conducted to compare TTX levels at four locations within the oyster production area. TTX concentrations in the whole flesh varied significantly between some of these locations, which was unexplained by the differences in weight of flesh. This is the first study examining TTX distribution in C. gigas and the first confirmation of the preferential accumulation of TTX in oyster digestive gland.

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Stable Tetrodotoxin Production by Bacillus sp. Strain 1839

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

The Microbial Community of Tetrodotoxin-Bearing and Non-Tetrodotoxin-Bearing Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from the Sea of Japan

The Microbial Community of Tetrodotoxin-Bearing and Non-Tetrodotoxin-Bearing Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from the Sea of Japan

Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Bacterial Communities From Tetrodotoxin-Bearing and Non-tetrodotoxin-Bearing Clams

Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

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