Stage Specificity of Eurycomanone Isolated from <i>Eurycoma longifolia</i> on <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Cycles

Abstract

Eurycomanone is the most active compounds in the roots of Eurycoma longifolia and shown to have in vitro antiplasmodial activity. However, the stage of Plasmodium falciparum cycles which are sensitive to eurycomanone have not been investigated. This study was conducted to investigate stage specificity of eurycomanone at various stages of P. falciparum life cycles. Stage specificity of eurycomanone at various stages of P. falciparum was performed on P. falciparum culture in vitro. A total of 100 µL of solution containing P. falciparum at ring stage after synchronized with 1-2% parasitemia (hematocrit 3%) were included in 96 wells microcultures and then added 100 µL of solution containing eurycomanone with 6 various concentrations. The specificity of eurycomanone was evaluated microscopically by counting the percentage of each stage of P. falciparum after for 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64 and 72 h incubation time, compared with control without any compound. The results showed that eurycomanone can kill ring stage of P. falciparum and may inhibit the development of young schizont to mature schizont in vitro. However, it needs further investigations for the mechanism.

Bioassay Guided Fractionation of Marine Streptomyces sp. GMY01 and Antiplasmodial Assay using Microscopic and Flow Cytometry Method

“…This indicated that Plasmodium growth inhibited by 25µg/mL of F4.7 fraction treatment. The same results were shown in other studies using 100ng/mL of eurycomanone with an incubation time of 72h which produced 90% inhibition with Plasmodium which was discovered to be dominant in the ring and throphozoites stage (Sholikhah et al, 2016). It indicates that based on microscopic assay, F4.7 has high inhibition on Plasmodium.…”

“…The two methods have their own objectives, advantages, and limitations. Thin blood films are preferred to examine the morphology of parasites and to determine species (Bejon et al, 2006) and the staging of Plasmodium (Sholikhah et al, 2016). Microscopic method using thin blood smear with Giemsa stain is a standard method for observation (Hall & Fauci, 2009).…”

Antiplasmodial and onset speed of growth inhibitory activities of <i>Tithonia diversifolia</i> (Hemsley) A Gray leaf fractions against <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>

“…This research demonstrated that F6 of T. diversifolia revealed cytocidal effects at early rings to late trophozoites which is similar with eurycomanone, an isolate of Eurycoma longifolia, which can kill the ring stage of P. falciparum and inhibited the development of young schizont to mature schizont [24]. The contrary result was seen with T. glaucescens which inhibited the parasites at the transition from the trophozoite to the schizont stages [25].…”

Review on Eurycoma longifolia Pharmacological and Phytochemical Properties

“…They claimed that was because with subcutaneous route, drugs are directly exposed and absorbed to the bloodstream with the rapid detection of drugs in plasma while with oral administration, the drug is absorbed through the digestive tract and passed through the liver before it is transported via the bloodstream causing inactivation and incomplete absorption. In determining which stage of P. falciparum is susceptible towards E. longifolia treatment, Sholikhah et al (2008) discovered that trophozoites stage of P. falciparum was the weakest when treated with E. longifolia.…”