Standard Deviation for Small Samples

Abstract

Neater representations for variance are given for small sample sizes, especially for 3 and 4. With these representations, variance can be calculated without a calculator if sample sizes are small and observations are integers, and an upper bound for the standard deviation is immediate. Accessible proofs of lower and upper bounds are presented for a broad spectrum of readers.

Comparison of Pharmaceutical Calculations Learning Outcomes Achieved Within a Traditional Lecture or Flipped Classroom Andragogy

“…For all regression analyses, categorical variables were coded as dummy variables. [21][22][23] Linear regression models were constructed where the Pcalc OSCE scores (dependent variable) were regressed against the main effects of educational condition (primary independent variable) and the demographic variables including age, gender, ethnicity, certified technician training, completion of post-secondary course of study, overall GPA, and percentile PCAT composite. 24,25 Models for both sets of Pcalc OSCE scores (six weeks and six months) were analyzed.…”