Standard x-ray diffraction patterns

Swanson, Howard E; Tatge, Eleanor

doi:10.6028/jres.046.036

Cited by 268 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In addition, new scatterers emerge (Table 2 and Supplementary Fig. 4) increases the coordination number of Fe-Fe at 2.53 Å, which is consistent with the formation of metallic iron 28 . The exposure of the reduced sample to FTS conditions slightly reduces the contribution of Fe-Fe at around 2.53 Å and at the same time leads to a substantial increase in the long-distance iron scatterers.…”

Section: Synthesis and Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 71%

Metal organic framework-mediated synthesis of highly active and stable Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

et al. 2015

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Depletion of crude oil resources and environmental concerns have driven a worldwide research on alternative processes for the production of commodity chemicals. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a process for flexible production of key chemicals from synthesis gas originating from non-petroleum-based sources. Although the use of iron-based catalysts would be preferred over the widely used cobalt, manufacturing methods that prevent their fast deactivation because of sintering, carbon deposition and phase changes have proven challenging. Here we present a strategy to produce highly dispersed iron carbides embedded in a matrix of porous carbon. Very high iron loadings (440 wt %) are achieved while maintaining an optimal dispersion of the active iron carbide phase when a metal organic framework is used as catalyst precursor. The unique iron spatial confinement and the absence of large iron particles in the obtained solids minimize catalyst deactivation, resulting in high active and stable operation.

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Section: Synthesis and Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 71%

Metal organic framework-mediated synthesis of highly active and stable Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

et al. 2015

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“…Cubic In 2 O 3 appears as the only phase in samples grown at T S у300°C. 18 ͒ seems to depend on T S during growth and on air annealing temperature (T A ), the observed values ranging from 10.149 to 10.110 Å. The samples deposited at lower temperatures present a lattice constant larger than those deposited at higher temperatures or annealed at 400°C, with the exception of sample ITO 10, deposited at 400°C and presenting aϭ10.140 Å.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Whiskers in indium tin oxide films obtained by electron beam evaporation

Castañeda

Rueda

Dı́az

et al. 1998

Journal of Applied Physics

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Indium tin oxide thin films consisting mainly of whiskers have been deposited on glass by electron beam evaporation. Low deposition rates ͑35 Å/min͒ and substrate temperatures in the 120-400°C range were used. Morphology by scanning electron microscopy, crystal structure, energy dispersive analysis of x-rays, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy compositions, optical and conducting properties of films have been studied as a function of temperature of growth and further annealing in air. Whiskers associate and produce flatter surfaces, the grain size increases from Ϸ390 Å to Ϸ790 Å, keeping however its fibrous structure after 400°C-30 min annealing. In films deposited at temperatures below 200°C, next to cubic In 2 O 3 , tetragonal Sn and cubic In 2 Sn 2 O (7Ϫx) appear. During growth and after air annealing Sn 4ϩ segregates to the surface, attaining Sn/In concentration ratios of 4.6. On air annealing the optical transmittance and electrical resistance increase, in some cases from 2% to 90% and by a factor of about 4, respectively.

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“…There are also additional peaks from the back contact, Mo [10]. The relative peak intensities deviate from the powder reference of ZnS (and CZTS) in a way which indicates that the films have a (111) orientation with the close packed plane parallel to the surface (corresponding to (112) orientation for CZTS).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Annealing behavior of reactively sputtered precursor films for Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells

et al. 2013

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Reactively sputtered Cu-Zn-Sn-S precursor films are prepared and recrystallized by rapid thermal processing to generate Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 solar cell absorber layers. We study how the film properties are affected by substrate heating and composition. The stress, density and texture in the films were measured. Compressive stress was observed for the precursors but did not correlate to the deposition temperature, and had no influence on the properties of the annealed films or solar cells. However, the substrate temperature during precursor deposition had a large effect on the behaviour during annealing and on the solar cell performance. The films deposited at room temperature had, after annealing, smaller grains and cracks, and gave shunted devices. Cracking is suggested to be due to a slightly higher sulfur content, lower density or to minor differences in material quality. The grain size in the annealed films seems to increase with higher copper content and higher precursor deposition temperature. The best device in the current series gave an efficiency of 4.5 %.

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Standard x-ray diffraction patterns

Cited by 268 publications

References 8 publications

Metal organic framework-mediated synthesis of highly active and stable Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

Metal organic framework-mediated synthesis of highly active and stable Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

Whiskers in indium tin oxide films obtained by electron beam evaporation

Annealing behavior of reactively sputtered precursor films for Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells

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