Standardization of nomenclature for animal health risk analysis

Ahl, Alwynelle S.; Acree, J. A.; Gipson, Philip S.; McDowell, R M; Miller, L.A.; McElvaine, M D

doi:10.20506/rst.12.4.744

Cited by 74 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…1 Poor communication can cause anxiety, lack of confidence in healthcare professionals and other adverse outcomes. Doctor-patient talk about risk raises issues about lay understanding of conditions, tests and treatments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk communication in the clinical consultation

2005

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-Modern healthcare and modern societies are facing up to the need for greater engagement of patients in treatment decisions. Shared and informed decision-making is replacing traditional paternalistic approaches to decisions; health policy both reflects and drives these changes. A critical contribution to better informed decisions by patients is the effective communication of risk in the clinical consultation. This is not straightforward, but there is a growing evidence base to improve performance in this area to the benefit of both patients and clinicians. The purpose of this review is to provide an accessible and practical guide to better communication of risk by clinicians. KEY WORDS: communication skills, decisionmaking, risk communication, uncertaintyRisk communication is the open two-way exchange of information and opinion about risk, leading in the context of healthcare to better understanding and more informed decisions about clinical management. 1 However, this straightforward definition belies the difficulty of doing this effectively. 2 There are many reasons why discussing risk with patients in the clinical consultation is increasingly important. The policy agenda in healthcare in the NHS is rapidly changing. There is a major emphasis on choice; 3 together with that comes the need to give information that helps patients make more informed decisions. Hitherto, choice has been rather narrowly restricted to issues such as where to be treated. Arguably, choice is more important in making decisions on treatment options where there may be more than one treatment to consider, often with different risk and benefit profiles and long-lasting consequences for the patient.Thus, there has recently been considerable emphasis on shared and informed decision-making, in contrast to doctor-led paternalistic approaches that have dominated in the past. 4 In part, this reflects a wider societal change towards a more consumerist society, aligned with increasing expectations of healthcare. However, it also reflects a moral and ethical imperative better to engage patients in decisions that materially affect their health, especially when it is increasingly acknowledged that patients' values and preferences vary widely and that doctors are poor at predicting these in individual patients. 5 Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that patients who are better informed and more engaged in decisions about their own care are more likely to be knowledgeable, more likely to adhere to their chosen treatment and may have better outcomes. 6,7 There has been an explosion of decision aids to help patients participate in decision making and to make informed choices consistent with their values by presenting the clinical evidence and the likely effects of alternative treatments. A key element of such decision aids is the presentation of risks and benefits; it is within this field of endeavour that much of what we now know about good communication of risk arises. Whether or not they use decision aids, though, clinicians have a majo...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 However, this straightforward definition belies the difficulty of doing this effectively. 2 There are many reasons why discussing risk with patients in the clinical consultation is increasingly important.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk communication in the clinical consultation

2005

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“…Access at all times to clean water, for example, is essential. Equally important, however, and widely acknowledged, is the requirement that a diet be tailored to the species and include a broad variety in the types of food provided to enhance the captive animal's quality of life [9].A zoo veterinarian has to evaluate and approve husbandry and assist in developing nutrition programs for each species within a collection. Each animal must receive a timely supply of wholesome and unadulterated food insufficient quantity, according to the requirement of each individual.…”

Section: Neonate Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Preventive Health Measures for Wildlife in Captivity: A Review of Management Approaches

B¹

2017

IJAWB

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The foundation of a medical program for zoo animals is preventive medicine. Preventive medical programs should be adaptive and include attention to individual specimens as well as the herd, troop, or flock. Components of the program include quarantine of new arrivals, periodic fecal examinations and treatments for parasites, booster vaccinations, health screening procedures, nutrition evaluation, necropsy examination of deceased specimens, and a comprehensive pest control program. Animals should be evaluated to ensure their health complies with local, state, and federal health requirements before shipment to other zoos or before release in managed reintroduction programs. Preshipment evaluations can also be used as an opportunity to assess the overall health status of the group in which the animal has been living. The present review study is illustrating the importance of the preventive measure used for wildlife into the captivity and the management and tactics to achieve this.

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“…Risk analysis is comprised of risk assessment, risk management and risk communication (Ahl et al, 1993). Molak (1997a) is an excellent resource for risk analysis procedures and examples.…”

Section: Risk Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk and ethics in biological control

Delfosse

2005

Biological Control

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All introduced natural enemies present a degree of risk to nontarget species. Since most biological control programs use relatively host-speciWc natural enemies, the risk to nontarget species is generally very low, particularly from biological control of weeds, which uses extensively tested and validated host-speciWcity testing procedures to predict risk. However, many of the published comments about risks of biological control are superWcial or misleading, often inappropriately lumping risk from all taxa of agents as "the risk of biological control," and ignore the potential beneWts, rather than dealing with species-by-species risk and beneWts. Particularly confounding accurate predictions is the common mixing of parameters of hazard and exposure in discussions of risk. In this paper, traditional risk analysis techniques are discussed and adapted for biological control. How people perceive risk is the key to understanding their attitude to risk. Some of the criticisms of biological control relating to inadequate post-release monitoring are valid and the ethical responsibilities of biological control scientists in this area are also discussed. Biological control scientists should address objectively the criticisms of biological control, continue to review and adjust current host-speciWcity testing procedures and make appropriate changes. This process will result in better science, ultimately delivering more focused programs, and altering the perception of risk from biological control agents by objective observers. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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Standardization of nomenclature for animal health risk analysis

Cited by 74 publications

References 6 publications

Risk communication in the clinical consultation

Risk communication in the clinical consultation

Study of Preventive Health Measures for Wildlife in Captivity: A Review of Management Approaches

Risk and ethics in biological control

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