Standardized methods for the regulation of cigarette-smoke constituents

Wright, Chris

doi:10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.011

Cited by 63 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…GC-MS chromatogram of filtered washed tea in methanol GC-MS chromatogram of filtered washed tea in toluene TPM varied for each teabacco cigarette, which may be due to the tightness of the rolled filter or the consistency of the tea. In 2001, a maximum limit of 10 mg per cigarette 38 was established for TPM, but it can vary between 4.9 and 13.2 mg per cigarette 27,39. While the Winfield Original Blue cigarettes comply40 with this imposed limit, the upper TPM range for a teabacco cigarette is slightly higher than the limit at 10.91 mg per cigarette.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Constituents of “teabacco”: A forensic analysis of cigarettes made from diverted nicotine replacement therapy lozenges in smoke‐free prisons

Mitchell

Puljević

Coomber

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Following the implementation of prison smoke-free policies, there have been reports of prisoners creating substitute cigarettes made from nicotine replacement therapy patches or lozenges infused with tea leaves ("teabacco"). No studies have analyzed the chemical constituents of teabacco made from nicotine lozenges, so as to document any potential related health hazards. Teabacco samples were made by a participant who reported creating teabacco while incarcerated in a smoke-free prison in Queensland, Australia, and the process was video-recorded for replication in a laboratory. A simple linear smoking system captured the teabacco smoke for analysis. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to analyze elemental composition and gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analyzed the captured smoke using the National Institute of Standards and Technology mass spectral library. Analyses determined that quantities of copper, aluminum, and lead concentrations, and levels of inhaled total particulate matter, were above recommended guidelines for safe ingestion. Analysis of teabacco smoke using GC-MS identified potentially toxic compounds catechol and nicotine. However, our findings show that smoking this form of teabacco is less harmful than smoking teabacco made from nicotine patches, or smoking traditional tobacco cigarettes. Considering the limited potential health harm of smoking teabacco made from lozenges, and that nicotine lozenges represent the only form of smoking cessation support for individuals entering smoke-free prisons, we caution against the removal of nicotine lozenges from Queensland's prisons, at least until further research directly establishes health harms associated with this form of teabacco.

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confidence: 99%

Constituents of “teabacco”: A forensic analysis of cigarettes made from diverted nicotine replacement therapy lozenges in smoke‐free prisons

Mitchell

Puljević

Coomber

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…However, TPM excludes the gas and vapors in CS that pass through a Cambridge filter pad. Meanwhile, CSE is the PBS-soluble fraction of CS and thus contains water-soluble, gas- and vapor-phase constituents although it lacks particulate matter (6). Both TPM and CSE include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, phenol and nicotine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, it is not clear why TPM and CSE exhibit distinct effects on platelet aggregation and vasorelaxation. CS is known to contain more than 4,000 different kinds of chemicals (6). Future studies should help to clarify the constituents causing toxicity and the mechanisms underlying the effect on platelet and blood vessels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, widely accepted methods are currently available, although there are still debates about the most appropriate and best approaches. Among them, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 3308 “Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine”, which is based on the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) protocol, is regarded as a general standard for mainstream CS generation (6). CS trapping methods are available to generate total particulate matter (TPM), tar- or nicotine-free dry particulate matter (Tar or NFDPM), cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), gas/vapor phase (GVP) and whole smoke (WS), depending on the method used for collection (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Effects between Cigarette Total Particulate Matter and Cigarette Smoke Extract on Blood and Blood Vessel

et al. 2016

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The generation and collection of cigarette smoke (CS) is a prerequisite for any toxicology study on smoking, especially an in vitro CS exposure study. In this study, the effects on blood and vascular function were tested with two widely used CS preparations to compare the biological effects of CS with respect to the CS preparation used. CS was prepared in the form of total particulate matter (TPM), which is CS trapped in a Cambridge filter pad, and cigarette smoke extract (CSE), which is CS trapped in phosphate-buffered saline. TPM potentiated platelet reactivity to thrombin and thus increased aggregation at a concentration of 25~100 μg/mL, whereas 2.5~10% CSE decreased platelet aggregation by thrombin. Both TPM and CSE inhibited vascular contraction by phenylephrine at 50~100 μg/mL and 10%, respectively. TPM inhibited acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation at 10~100 μg/mL, but CSE exhibited a minimal effect on relaxation at the concentration that affects vasoconstriction. Neither TPM nor CSE induced hemolysis of erythrocytes or influenced plasma coagulation, as assessed by prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Taken together, CS affects platelet activity and deteriorates vasomotor functions in vitro. However, the effect on blood and blood vessels may vary depending on the CS preparation. Therefore, the results of experiments conducted with CS preparations should be interpreted with caution.

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“…However, if acute perceptions differ significantly between blinded versus unblinded access to one’s own cigarette, information about the brand identification would clearly influence evaluative perceptions of smoking that cigarette. Regulatory efforts to limit brand identification markings on cigarette packaging (eg, ‘plain packaging’18) and on the cigarette paper could correspondingly limit positive perceptions from smoking that cigarette, which would then have to be based solely on its tobacco constituents (a very active, separate area of regulatory research19). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute perceptions of preferred cigarettes when blinded to brand

Perkins

Karelitz

2018

Tob Control

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All perceptions were lower for those smoking own brand under blinded versus unblinded conditions, as hypothesised. Consistent with lowered perceptions for smoking one's own brand obtained from the 118 blinded to brand, their 'somewhat' ratings for a 'how similar to own brand' item indicated uncertainty, just mid-way between 'not at all' and 'very much' on the 0-100 visual analogue scale. (The 76 unblinded were already informed it was their own brand.) CONCLUSIONS: Acute perceptions of one's own cigarette are substantially lower when smokers are simply unaware of brand, relative to those aware it is their preferred brand. Results support the notion that perceptions of smoking own brand are enhanced by marketing efforts to associate brands with expectations of pleasurable subjective effects, beyond the impact due solely to the cigarette's manufactured product constituents.

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Standardized methods for the regulation of cigarette-smoke constituents

Cited by 63 publications

References 17 publications

Constituents of “teabacco”: A forensic analysis of cigarettes made from diverted nicotine replacement therapy lozenges in smoke‐free prisons

Constituents of “teabacco”: A forensic analysis of cigarettes made from diverted nicotine replacement therapy lozenges in smoke‐free prisons

Differential Effects between Cigarette Total Particulate Matter and Cigarette Smoke Extract on Blood and Blood Vessel

Acute perceptions of preferred cigarettes when blinded to brand

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