Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, gender and smoking status. The Tromsø Staph and Skin Study

Olsen, Karina Standahl; Falch, Birgit Margrethe; Danielsen, Kjersti; Johannessen, Mona; Sollid, Johanna U. Ericson; Thune, Inger; Grimnes, Guri; Jorde, Rolf; Simonsen, Gunnar Skov; Furberg, Anne‐Sofie

doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1331-x

Cited by 86 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…There are indications that the immune defense is somehow boosted by female sex hormones (Marriott & Huet-Hudson 2006). This could explain the lower S. aureus colonization rates among females compared to males described in paper III and previous studies (Bischoff et al 2004;Herwaldt et al 2004;Sangvik et al 2011) as well as why the association between colonization and carriage status and serum concentration of vitamin D was more prominent among males (Olsen et al 2012). Due to the few hours of sun-light during the winter in Scandinavia, low serum concentrations of vitamin D, and thereby a higher prevalence of S. aureus, can be expected during this period.…”

Section: Prevalence Of S Aureus (Papers III and Iv)mentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The procedure of using an enrichment broth prior to plating (paper IV) revealed colonization rates ranging from 51 % to 70 % among adults. A gender-associated difference in colonization, with males being more frequently colonized compared to females, has been demonstrated in previous studies (Bischoff et al 2004;Herwaldt et al 2004;Sangvik et al 2011;Olsen et al 2012). Initially, the reason for this association was unknown and scarcely studied (Bischoff et al 2004).…”

Section: Prevalence Of S Aureus (Papers III and Iv)mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…More recent research has shown an inverse correlation of S. aureus colonization and carriage to serum concentrations of vitamin D among non-smoking men. It has been suggested that vitamin D up-regulates the antibacterial immune defense and high concentrations of vitamin D would thereby kill off S. aureus and reduce colonization (Olsen et al 2012). There are indications that the immune defense is somehow boosted by female sex hormones (Marriott & Huet-Hudson 2006).…”

Section: Prevalence Of S Aureus (Papers III and Iv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection control of Staphylococcus aureus : spa typing to elucidate transmission

Mernelius¹

2015

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Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal of the human flora, primarily colonizing the anterior nares and throat, but it may also cause infections ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections to severe diseases such as endocarditis and septicemia. S. aureus is also a major nosocomial problem increasing with the worldwide dissemination of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).The main vector for bacterial cross-transmission in healthcare settings is the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs). No S. aureus was detected in the air in this thesis demonstrating that transmission through air is not important. Despite the fact that good compliance with hand hygiene is essential to prevent cross-transmission the compliance is generally less than 50 %.Gold standard to track bacterial transmission in healthcare settings has for long been pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE), a method that is labor-intensive, lacks consensus protocol and relies on semi-subjective analysis. Molecular typing by sequencing of the hypervariable part of the S. aureus protein A gene (spa typing) has overcome these problems and has shown promising results in epidemiological investigations.The aims of this thesis were to study bacterial transmission with S. aureus colonization of newborn infants as a model and to evaluate spa typing as a molecular tool. Additionally, the influence of compliance with hygiene guidelines on S. aureus transmission was assessed.Analysis of 280 MRSA isolates by spa typing revealed excellent typeability and epidemiological concordance and satisfactory discriminatory power. Additionally, spa typing was considered superior to PFGE thanks to its accessibility, ease of use and rapidity. Also, spa typing results are registered in a global database, facilitating inter-laboratory comparison.The prevalence of S. aureus ranged from 41 % to 66 % in the populations studied and males had the highest colonization rate. Throat was the premier colonization site for adults and transmission from individuals colonized in the throat only was documented, suggesting that throat cultures should be included in S. aureus screening programs. The umbilicus was the premier colonization site for newborn infants. Incubating the swabs in enrichment broth prior to plating increased the prevalence of S. aureus positive samples by 46 %, resulting in prevalence viii ranging from 51 % to 70 % in the populations studied. Thus enrichment prior to plating is necessary to determine more truthful S. aureus colonization rates. There were no indications of an institutional flora, as the colonization rates, spa type distribution and antibiotic resistance prevalence were similar among parents and HCWs.Direct observations and self-reporting by HCWs were both validated as tools for monitoring compliance with hygiene guidelines. The compliance with hygiene guidelines was significantly higher following a 10-point hygiene intervention as compared to baseline. The compliance was also higher three years after the intervention in three of four participating departm...

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Section: Prevalence Of S Aureus (Papers III and Iv)mentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Prevalence Of S Aureus (Papers III and Iv)mentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Prevalence Of S Aureus (Papers III and Iv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection control of Staphylococcus aureus : spa typing to elucidate transmission

Mernelius¹

2015

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“…Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to be colonized with S. aureus, defined as >500 colony forming units (CFU) detected, with rates of colonization increasing with duration and frequency of smoking [14,16,17]. Smokers have an increased incidence of invasive staphylococcal infections than nonsmokers and have higher mortality as well [17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Electronic (e)-Cigarette Vapor on Staphylococcal Virulence: Are E-Cigarettes Safer than Conventional Cigarettes?

Alexander¹,

Enany²,

McEachern³

2017

Frontiers in Staphylococcus Aureus

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In recent years, electronic (e)-cigarettes have dramatically increased in popularity as an alternative to conventional cigarettes. Little is known about the effects of e-cigarette vapor (EV) on bacteria that colonize the nasopharynx, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As most cases of pneumonia can be traced to bacteria in a patient's nasopharynx, increased virulence in potential pathogens could have direct consequences clinically for these patients. And because bacterial colonizers are spread between humans, increased virulence in one subject has implications for the community. There is accumulating evidence that exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) increases the pathogenicity of MRSA, as well as its dampening effects on the host immune system. EV exposure has also been demonstrated to increase MRSA virulence both in vitro and in a murine model of pneumonia. In this chapter, we will compare the virulence changes reported in MRSA exposed to CS vs. those exposed to EV, as well as proposed mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

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“…Preoperative topical antimicrobial treatments are known to reduce carriage of S. aureus and disease in cardiothoracic patients (3); there is evidence that other patient groups might also benefit from decolonization (4,5,6). Carriage rates vary with gender, age, smoking, serum glucose levels, oral contraceptive use, dialysis, addiction to drugs, and certain diseases such as atopic dermatitis (3,7,8,9,10). Fewer studies have addressed the role of the cocolonizing microbiota in S. aureus carriage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence that Intraspecific Trait Variation among Nasal Bacteria Shapes the Distribution of Staphylococcus aureus

et al. 2014

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b Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is a risk factor for infection, yet the bacterial determinants required for carriage are poorly defined. Interactions between S. aureus and other members of the bacterial flora may determine colonization and have been inferred in previous studies by using correlated species distributions. However, traits mediating species interactions are often polymorphic, suggesting that understanding how interactions structure communities requires a trait-based approach. We characterized S. aureus growth inhibition by the culturable bacterial aerobe consortia of 60 nasal microbiomes, and this revealed intraspecific variation in growth inhibition and that inhibitory isolates clustered within communities that were culture negative for S. aureus. Across microbiomes, the cumulative community-level growth inhibition was negatively associated with S. aureus incidence. To fully understand the ecological processes structuring microbiomes, it will be crucial to account for intraspecific variation in the traits that mediate species interactions.T he primary niche of Staphylococcus aureus is the human anterior nares, where it resides persistently in 25 to 30% of the population, while other individuals are only colonized intermittently (1). In hospital patients, carriage is a risk factor for infection (2) and is associated with recurrent disease. Preoperative topical antimicrobial treatments are known to reduce carriage of S. aureus and disease in cardiothoracic patients (3); there is evidence that other patient groups might also benefit from decolonization (4, 5, 6). Carriage rates vary with gender, age, smoking, serum glucose levels, oral contraceptive use, dialysis, addiction to drugs, and certain diseases such as atopic dermatitis (3,7,8,9,10). Fewer studies have addressed the role of the cocolonizing microbiota in S. aureus carriage. Three studies have used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize nasal species distributions, and from these distributions scientists have inferred interactions at the species level (11,12,13 Yan et al. (13) confirmed the species-level interactions between S. aureus and C. accolens and C. pseudodiphthericum and proposed these as the major ecological interactions between bacteria in relation to S. aureus carriage. Moreover, their study identified variations in ecological relationships between nasal microenvironments that highlighted the dynamic complexities between bacteria across host epithelial surfaces.It is increasingly appreciated that species-level approaches are insufficient to understand the ecological factors structuring a microbiome (14, 15). The primary reason for this is that microbial species are not homogeneous with respect to many ecologically important traits, and as such, species-level analyses can underestimate the importance of ecological interactions (for a review of recent advances, see Boon et al. [16]). Further, species-level approaches give little insight into the ecological mechanisms underlying species distribution patterns. Trait-base...

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Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, gender and smoking status. The Tromsø Staph and Skin Study

Cited by 86 publications

References 36 publications

Infection control of Staphylococcus aureus : spa typing to elucidate transmission

Infection control of Staphylococcus aureus : spa typing to elucidate transmission

Effects of Electronic (e)-Cigarette Vapor on Staphylococcal Virulence: Are E-Cigarettes Safer than Conventional Cigarettes?

Evidence that Intraspecific Trait Variation among Nasal Bacteria Shapes the Distribution of Staphylococcus aureus

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