“…Fly ash or flue ash, also known as pulverized fuel ash in the United Kingdom, is a coal combustion product that is composed of particulates (fine particles of burned fuel) that are driven out of coal‐fired boilers together with the flue gases. The components of fly ash vary considerably; it includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), and calcium oxide (CaO): main mineral compounds in coal‐bearing rock strata 86–88 . The minor constituents of fly ash depend upon the specific coal bed composition but may include one or more of the following elements or compounds found in the trace concentrations (up to hundreds ppm): arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, hexavalent chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, thallium, and vanadium, along with very small concentrations of dioxins and PAH compounds.…”