State of Charge Estimation of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Based on Sliding Mode Observer and Dynamic Model Including Capacity Fading Factor

A brief review on key technologies in the battery management system of electric vehicles

“…Battery equivalent circuit model [46] and electrochemical model [47,48] in the forms of standard state space are usually selected to estimate battery SOC, while SOC is one of the state variables in these battery models. Then various state observers are adopted for online SOC estimation [49][50][51][52][53], such as Kalman filter (KF), extended Kalman filter (EKF), adaptive Kalman filter (AKF), unscented Kalman filter (UKF), slide mode observer and H1 filter. The accuracy of these modelbased approaches largely depends on the training of the battery models, the adopted state observers, and the parameter tuning such as the key parameters in model and the noise covariance matrix for KF observers.…”

A Low-Cost Programmable High-Frequency AC Electronic Load with Energy Recycling for Battery Module Diagnostics

“…One of the reasons for the high price of battery modules is that their electrochemical properties are difficult to grasp. Nowadays, battery-related research, in addition to materials and electrochemical fields, generally includes monitoring of battery characteristics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], design of battery management systems [11][12][13][14], estimation of state of charge [15][16][17][18][19][20], estimation of state of health [21][22][23][24][25][26], and so on.…”

“…The estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of the battery is currently a very important research topic [15][16][17][18][19][20]. In general, the state of charge is defined as the ratio of the current available battery Figure 1 depicts the circuit architecture of the proposed diagnostic system, which consists of a modified class E resonant circuit, a micro-controller (MCU: dsPIC33FJ64GS606), a USB(universal serial bus) UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter) module (FT-232), an auxiliary power circuit, a signal (voltage, current, and temperature) capturing circuit, and a DC (direct current) level offset circuit.…”

“…First, the voltage, current, and temperature of all battery cells need to be detected and made sure to be normal. The second part concerns SOC/SOH, which are two critical performance indicators of batteries; many estimation techniques have been proposed in [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] for SOC/SOH. Battery diagnostic techniques can also be combined with chargers, battery analyzers, or monitoring equipment, and suitable diagnostic algorithms and interfaces can be applied according to the type of battery to fully to grasp the electrical characteristics of the battery.Recently it has been recognized that in order to obtain dynamic characteristics for calculating the SOC/SOH of a power battery and to recycle the extracted electrical energy from a tested power battery, a programmable AC electronic load is essential to emulate a variety of dynamic load behaviors, and sequence control is also required [27][28][29][30].…”

Augmented State Observer for Simultaneous Estimation of Charge State and Crossover in Self-Discharging Disproportionation Redox Flow Batteries

“…To enable more accurate prediction of RFB behaviour and to gain more detailed knowledge about physico-chemical changes, observer-based approaches for lumped parameter models of RFBs have been developed. In some cases such models can provide simultaneous and continuous estimation of the main battery states and parameters [24], [25], [26], [27], [28]. Generally, these approaches use electrical equivalent-circuit models (ECMs) to emulate the RFB's electrical behaviour, and perform state/parameter estimation with an extended Kalman filter (EKF) [24], [29], [25], [28].…”