State of the Art and New Directions on Electrospun Lignin/Cellulose Nanofibers for Supercapacitor Application: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Supercapacitors are energy storage devices with high power density, rapid charge/discharge rate, and excellent cycle stability. Carbon-based supercapacitors are increasingly attracting attention because of their large surface area and high porosity. Carbon-based materials research has been recently centered on biomass-based materials due to the rising need to maintain a sustainable environment. Cellulose and lignin constitute the major components of lignocellulose biomass. Since they are renewable, sustainable, and readily accessible, lignin and cellulose-based supercapacitors are economically viable and environmentally friendly. This review aims to systematically analyze published research findings on electrospun lignin, cellulose, and lignin/cellulose nanofibers for use as supercapacitor electrode materials. A rigorous scientific approach was employed to screen the eligibility of relevant articles to be included in this study. The research questions and the inclusion criteria were clearly defined. The included articles were used to draw up the research framework and develop coherent taxonomy of literature. Taxonomy of research literature generated from the included articles was classified into review papers, electrospun lignin, cellulose, and lignin/cellulose nanofibers for use as supercapacitor electrode materials. Furthermore, challenges, recommendations, and research directions for future studies were equally discussed extensively. Before this study, no review on electrospun lignin/cellulose nanofiber-based supercapacitors has been reported. Thus, this systematic review will provide a reference for other researchers interested in developing biomass-based supercapacitors as an alternative to conventional supercapacitors based on petroleum products.

Cellulose-Derived Nanostructures as Sustainable Biomass for Supercapacitors: A Review

“…Carbon nanofibres (CBNFs) can also be synthesized from biomass materials for supercapacitors [ 99 ]. In addition, compared to the synthetic carbon nanofibrous materials, the carbonization of nanocellulosic materials could be another effective approach to exploit CNS in the development of composite or hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitors [ 100 ].…”

Sustainable electrodes for the next generation of redox flow batteries

“…The fabrication of biomass derived electrospun CNFs has been increasingly explored in the last decade due to the versatility of the method. Notable biomass-derived alternatives for the formation of carbon fibers are based on the electrospinning of lignin [94][95][96], cellulose [97,98], or chitosan [90]. The utilization in RFBs remains a relatively new and undiscovered field.…”

Recent Development in Vanadium Pentoxide and Carbon Hybrid Active Materials for Energy Storage Devices

“…CNFs have attracted significant attention as a substrate material for V 2 O 5 growth because of their ease of synthesis, pore size controllability, and high conductivity [104]. Moreover, their stable 3D structures allow them to be used as free-standing electrodes for decreased internal resistance, high porosity, and flexible electrode applications [105]. V 2 O 5 /CNF (VCNF) composites often comprise either a CNF/V 2 O 5 core/shell structure, V 2 O 5 crystal growth on long CNFs, or V 2 O 5 crystals intercalated in the CNF pores.…”