State of water in hydrocarbon liquids and its effect on conductivity

Itahashi, S.; Mitsui, H.; Satô, Takao; Sone, M.

doi:10.1109/tdei.1995.8881929

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…At low concentrations, water is thought to reside at the solid-liquid interface due to its hydrophilic nature, while at higher concentrations, water may exist as dispersed droplets and at very high concentrations as an emulsion. Itahashi et al [50] indicated that water exists in two states in hydrocarbon liquids: for saturated hydrocarbons water exists as 'free water', but in unsaturated hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon-containing heteroatoms (such as oxygen, sulphur, and nitrogen) water combines with these molecules (probably through hydrogen bonding).…”

Section: Effect Of Contaminants On Wearmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of diesel contaminants on tribological performance on sliding steel on steel contacts

Ramkumar

Harvey

Wood

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J:

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This article presents the findings from a parametric study examining the effect of four contaminants (soot, oxidation, moisture, and sulphuric acid) at varying levels (four for each). It was observed that all contaminants and contaminant levels reduce the conductivity of the oil. Oxidation and soot contaminants produced large increases in viscosity. The wear rate was mainly influenced by acid and soot additions, while the coefficient of friction was increased by all contaminants and contaminant levels. The steady-state charge levels changed for some contaminants. The best correlation of steady-state charge with the other measured tribological parameters of wear rate, friction, and temperature is seen for the series of oxidized oils. The multi-contaminated oil (L4 Â 4) shows remarkably little degradation in tribological performance.Analysis of the wear mechanisms shows that soot and oxidation produced abrasion and polishing wear, respectively, while sulphuric acid and moisture produced corrosive wear.

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Section: Effect Of Contaminants On Wearmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of diesel contaminants on tribological performance on sliding steel on steel contacts

Ramkumar

Harvey

Wood

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J:

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“…In hydrocarbon oils, they are either attributed to impurities present or to spontaneous dissociation of oil molecules [10][11]. Water is considered one of the major impurities and is shown to have significant effect on conductivity of hydrocarbon liquids [12,13]. Unsaturated organic liquids with polarizable structures (like the carbonyl group) can absorb significant quantities of water [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water is considered one of the major impurities and is shown to have significant effect on conductivity of hydrocarbon liquids [12,13]. Unsaturated organic liquids with polarizable structures (like the carbonyl group) can absorb significant quantities of water [13]. Such liquids, including vegetable oils, are typically thought to contain several hundreds of ppm of water and can dissolve more than 1000 ppm of water at saturated conditions [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faradaic reactions’ mechanisms and parameters in charging of oils

Sankaran

Staszel

Mashayek

et al. 2018

Electrochimica Acta

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“…Recently, the state and structure of water molecules in oil has been analyzed by the infrared (IR) spectrum method, and the effect of water molecules on conduction phenomena in oil has been investigated. Itahashi's group [5] analyzed the spectra of water in saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, and polar hydrocarbons by FT-IR and found that water in saturated hydrocarbon liquids exists in free form, such as vapor, and that this free water does not increase the conductivity of the liquid. On the other hand, the water in unsaturated, aromatic, and polar hydrocarbons existed as bound water, interacting with the hydrocarbon molecules by hydrogen bonding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conduction of water clusters in modified aged oil

Ota

Miura

Sone

et al. 2003

Electrical Engineering Japan

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SUMMARYDissolved water in insulating liquids has been regarded as a kind of impurity that degrades electrical properties. Recently, the state and the behavior of water molecules in liquid have been measured by infrared methods, making it possible to analyze where water molecules are bound to dielectric molecules and how many molecules gather around polar radicals on the alkyl chain.In the case of transformer oil, which consists almost entirely of saturated hydrocarbons, the content of oxidation products is gradually increased by aging during use. These oxidation products include polar radicals such as carbonyl and ketone radicals. When water dissolves in such oil, water molecules interact with these polar radicals to form water clusters, which can make the conductivity increase. In the research reported here, partially oxidized hydrocarbon was mixed with saturated hydrocarbon and the effect of water clusters around ketone radicals on the conductivity was investigated. When the content of oxidation products was less than 10%, the conductivity did not increase with an increase in the amount of water. But when the ratio exceeded 10%, specific kinds of water clusters increased the conductivity. It appears that these clusters consist of water molecules gathered around one ketone radical.

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State of water in hydrocarbon liquids and its effect on conductivity

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

The effects of diesel contaminants on tribological performance on sliding steel on steel contacts

The effects of diesel contaminants on tribological performance on sliding steel on steel contacts

Faradaic reactions’ mechanisms and parameters in charging of oils

Conduction of water clusters in modified aged oil

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