States of Heightened Suggestibility: Narcosis

Eysenck, H. J.; Rees, W. Linford

doi:10.1192/bjp.91.384.301

Cited by 30 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, it seemed reasonable to assume that the injection of such a drug as sodium amytal would not affect the responses of those who had no aptitude at all, because although it would weaken their control there was in their case no necessity for such control; that it would increase to a large extent, however, the reactions of those who did show a certain amount of aptitude, by decreasing their control over the manifestations of this aptitude. This forecast also was shown to be correct (17).…”

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confidence: 62%

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Primary and secondary suggestibility: an experimental and statistical study.

Eysenck¹,

Furneaux²

1945

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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154

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Introduction.-The concept of 'suggestibility' is of obvious importance to social as well as to abnormal psychology; it has long been used as an explanatory concept in both these spheres. Yet the evidence regarding the question as to whether or not we have the right to speak of 'suggestibility' at all, i.e., whether this term covers a simple, unitary mental trait, or whether it would be more accurate to speak of' suggestibilities,' is very far from complete. The question of generality or specificity is still unsettled.Averling and Hargreaves, in discussing their experimental findings, "consider that . . . the most probable explanation of [the] results is ... the existence of a general factor of suggestibility, combined with group factors common to two or more tests" (3, p. 73). Similarly, Otis (24) believes in the existence of a general trait of 'ability to resist suggestion,' a belief also based on experimental evidence.Brown (9), on the other hand, found little evidence of such generality in his pioneer studies, and Estabrooks (11) also had to report that the majority of correlations found by him were around zero. Allport (1) believes that suggestibility is a trait which may characterize a few people consistently, but that it is not otherwise a 'unitary' trait, while Britt (8) also is sceptical with regard to the existence of a general trait of this nature.Many investigators believe in the existence of different types of suggestibility, and many schemes of such typological division have been worked out by Prideaux (25) and later writers. Thus, Hull distinguishes prestige and non-prestige suggestion, identifying the first-named with that found in his Body-Sway test, and the latter with the Binet Progressive Weights and Progressive Lines tests (19). Murphy et al. discuss three common pyschological principles underlying many 'suggestion' tests (23). Bird (6) speaks of direct and indirect suggestibility.In a factorial study of eight tests of suggestibility, Eysenck (12) found no evidence of a general factor running through all the tests

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confidence: 62%

“…The tests used were almost all adapted from existing tests described in the literature. A novel test was included which had been developed at this hospital in an effort to study the effects of drugs on suggestibility (17). In order of giving, the tests were as follows:…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary and secondary suggestibility: an experimental and statistical study.

Eysenck¹,

Furneaux²

1945

Journal of Experimental Psychology

Self Cite

154

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“…However, perhaps the potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acid function in limbic and cortical regions caused by benzodiazepines and barbiturates renders the person more suggestible. This has been shown to occur with sodium amytal injections, 71 although the precise mechanism remains unclear. To summarise, suggestibility may be a feature of conversion disorder, a drug effect or mechanism behind the placebo response.…”

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confidence: 99%

Abreaction for conversion disorder: systematic review with meta-analysis

2010

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The evidence for effectiveness of drug interviews is of poor quality but it may be of benefit in the treatment of acute and treatment-resistant conversion disorder. A proactive approach during the interview, making suggestions the individual will respond, could influence outcome. Comorbid psychiatric disorder should be treated conventionally. Experimental studies to determine efficacy are required.

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“…Bingham (1964) describes a case of 'rapid hypnosis by using nitrous oxide ' and Allen (1972) notes that during nitrous oxide sedation patients respond well to suggestions given in a quiet, hypnotic manner. Hilgard and Hilgard (1975) and Eysenck and Rees (1945) also informally note that sub-anaesthetic doses of nitrous oxide will heighten the hypnotic responsiveness of the patient. If there is a synergistic relationship between nitrous oxide inhalation and responsiveness to suggestions, then strategic use of appropriate suggestions for relaxation and analgesia should enhance the overall clinical effectiveness of nitrous oxide sedation procedures (Simons et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%