“…Transitions are the actions of the rules. As we mentioned before, they can be generic actions with external changes, A i : YD → Y (where D = D 1, …, Dn are data types that may be needed for the definition of the actions of a specific rule based system) or some of the predefined actions assert : Y Fact → Y (add a fact to KB), retract : Y Fact → Y (remove a fact from KB), update : Y Fact Fact → Y (remove/add a fact), with the semantics those given by rule markup languages (Delzanno et al ., 2010). The production rules are defined as transitions through the following steps: - Step 1 : If A i is an assert action, its effect on the knowledge observer is defined as knowledge(assert(u,ki,d1, .
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