“…Early work focused on crack healing of surface cracks of polycrystalline UO 2 [21,22], Al 2 O 3 [23] and MgO [24]. Since then, a large number of ceramic materials were demonstrated to exhibit crack healing capability including silicon carbide [25,26], silicon nitride [27,28], single crystalline sapphire [29], alumina [15,30,31], mullite [32,33], zirconia [34], or MAS glass ceramics [35]. The temperatures to initiate healing reaction, however, were found to exceed 0.7-0.9 of the melting temperature of single crystals or equal the sintering temperature of polycrystalline ceramics.…”