Static Balance Norms in Children

Condon, C.; Cremin, Katie

doi:10.1002/pri.1549

Cited by 78 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…To increase the level of concentration and motivation, the participants were tested alone, in a separate room. All balance tests were validated in healthy individuals ranging from 10 to 14 years …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All balance tests were validated in healthy individuals ranging from 10 to 14 years. 23,24 To determine the static balance ability (balance on stable surface), a computerized stabilometry (Stability, Tecnobody, Bergamo, Italia) was used. The platform consisted of three strain gauges set in a triangular position under a surface of 55 cm in diameter with a 20-Hz sampling rate and a sensitivity of 0.1.…”

Section: Balance Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of balance training‐induced improvement in soccer‐specific skills in U11 soccer players

Cè

Longo

Paleari

et al. 2018

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The present study aimed to determine the role of balance training improving technical soccer skills in young players. Two U11 soccer teams were randomly assigned one to either balance training (BT; n = 22) or control group (Ctrl; n = 21). At the end of their habitual soccer training (identical in BT and Ctrl), BT underwent additional balance training for 12 weeks (3 sessions/week, 20 minutes per session), while Ctrl had a 20-minute scrimmage. Before and after the intervention, BT and Ctrl underwent two soccer-specific tests (Loughborough Soccer Passing, LSPT, and Shooting, LSST, Tests), and bipedal and unipedal balance evaluations. After intervention, both groups decreased the trials time and improved passing accuracy, with larger improvements in BT than Ctrl (LSPT penalty time [CI ]: -2.20 seconds [-2.72/-1.68]; ES [CI ]: -2.54 seconds [-3.34/-1.74]). Both groups improved balance ability, with BT showing larger increments in bipedal tests than Ctrl (static balance: -29 mm [-42/-16]; ES: -1.39 [-2.05/-0.72]; limit of stability: 4% [3/5]; ES 3.93 [2.90/4.95]; unipedal quasi-dynamic balance: 0.07 a.u. [0.03/0.11]; ES: 1.04 [0.40/1.67] and active range of motion: -5% [-8/-2]; ES -0.89 [-1.51/-0.26]). Low-to-moderate correlations between the players' technical level and unipedal balance ability were retrieved, particularly in the non-dominant limb (R from 0.30 to 0.48). Balance training improved some technical soccer skills more than habitual soccer training alone, suggesting that young soccer players may benefit from additional balance training added to their traditional training.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Balance Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of balance training‐induced improvement in soccer‐specific skills in U11 soccer players

Cè

Longo

Paleari

et al. 2018

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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show abstract

“…Balance is the ability to create stability through maintaining the centre of mass within the body's base of support . Static balance and dynamic balance are essential for participation in childhood daily activities such as play and schooling, which are fundamental prerequisite for continued motor development . The development of balance skills begins early, with acquisition of stance occurring at 9‐18 months .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the impact of age, gender, height and body mass index on children's balance

et al. 2019

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Aim This research aimed to understand the influence of age, gender, height and body mass index (BMI) on balance ability in children aged 4‐12 years. The secondary aim was to develop normative values for three balance tests on the Balance Master system. Methods Children were recruited in 2017 through community advertising. Balance testing occurred at three recreational centres in Frankston, Victoria, Australia. Data were collected by the Rhythmic Weight Shift, modified Clinical Test of Sensory Integration and Limits of Stability balance tests of the Balance Master equipment. Multiple regression analysis determined associations between variables including age, gender, height and BMI. Results There were 91 children recruited and consented. Children were aged between 4 and 12 years old. Balance ability was shown to improve with age (P < .05), with girls demonstrating more mature balance strategies at earlier ages. Decreased BMI was associated with greater balance ability and postural control (P < .05). Conclusion The normative values established may be used to support clinical paediatric assessment with this equipment. Findings of this study suggest that increased BMI may be associated with poorer balance ability in children. However, further research studies are needed to explore this assertion.

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“…3 A stopwatch was used to time single-leg stance duration. Leg dominance was determined through assessment of the subject’s pitching motion with the throwing-side leg being considered the dominant leg.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Youth Baseball Pitching Stride Length: Normal Values and Correlation With Field Testing

Fry

Pipkin

Wittman

et al. 2016

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach

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Background:Pitching biomechanical analysis has been recommended as an important component of performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation. Normal values for youth pitching stride length have not been established, leading to application of normative values found among professional pitchers to youth pitchers.Hypotheses:The average youth pitching stride length will be significantly less than that of college and professional pitchers. There will be a positive correlation between stride length, lower extremity power, balance, and pitching experience.Study Design:Prospective cohort study.Level of Evidence:Level 3.Methods:Ninety-two youth baseball pitchers (aged 9-14 years) met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and completed the study. Stride length was recorded using a Dartfish video system over 3 maximal effort pitches. Both intra- and interrater reliability was calculated for the assessment of stride length. Double-leg vertical jump, single-leg stance time, leg length, weight, age, and pitching experience were also recorded.Results:Mean (SD) stride length was 66.0% (7.1%) of height. Stride length was correlated (P < 0.01) with vertical jump (0.38), pitching experience (0.36), and single-leg balance (0.28), with excellent intra- and interrater reliability (0.985 or higher). No significant correlations between stride length and body weight, leg length, or age existed.Conclusions:There was a significant difference between youth pitching stride length and the current published norms for older and more elite throwers. There was a positive correlation between stride length and lower extremity power, pitching experience, and single-leg balance.Clinical Relevance:Two-dimensional analysis of stride length allows for the assessment of pitching biomechanics in a practical manner. These values can be used for return to pitching parameters after an injury and designing injury prevention and performance programs.

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Static Balance Norms in Children

Abstract: Results can be used for comparative purposes against age appropriate normative balance test scores. This removes the estimation from balance testing and the risk of applying an insufficient cut-off time.

Cited by 78 publications

References 31 publications

Evidence of balance training‐induced improvement in soccer‐specific skills in U11 soccer players

Evidence of balance training‐induced improvement in soccer‐specific skills in U11 soccer players

Understanding the impact of age, gender, height and body mass index on children's balance

Youth Baseball Pitching Stride Length: Normal Values and Correlation With Field Testing

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