Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling

Lanyon, Lance E.; Rubin, Clinton T.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(84)90003-4

Cited by 755 publications

(369 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Lean body mass is recognised as a surrogate for the muscle loading forces that direct bone adaptation. Furthermore, previous research has demonstrated that dynamic forces rather than static forces provide the greatest osteogenic stimulus (Lanyon and Rubin, 1984;Forwood and Turner, 1995). Our results are supportive of this in that greater total lean mass was associated with greater bone strength measurements.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Bone cross-sectional geometry in male runners, gymnasts, swimmers and non-athletic controls: a hip-structural analysis study

et al. 2011

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Loading of the skeleton can be achieved through weight-bearing exercise which is important for the development of a functionally and mechanically appropriate bone structure. Our objectives were to determine hip cross-sectional geometry in elite male athletes (n=54) subjected to different loading modalities (gymnastics, endurance running and swimming) and non-athletic, age-matched controls (n=20). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (iDXA, GE Healthcare, UK) measurements of the total body (for body composition) and the left proximal femur were obtained. The Advanced Hip Structural Analysis (AHA) programme was used to determine conventional areal bone mineral density (aBMD), hip axis length (HAL), crosssectional area (CSA), and cross -sectional moment of inertia (CSMI). Bone strength indices were derived using the femoral strength index (FSI) (Yoshikawa et al, 1994). Gymnasts and runners had significantly greater age, height and weight adjusted aBMD than swimmers and controls (p<0.05). Gymnasts and runners had greater resistance to axial loads (CSA) and runners had increased resistance against bending forces (CSMI), compared to swimmers and controls (p<0.01). Hip axis length was greater in controls and this group also had lower indices of bone strength (FSI) compared to gymnasts and runners (1.4 vs 1.8 and 2.1 respectively, p<0.005). Lean body mass correlated significantly with aBMD, p<0.01) and correlations were stronger in controls (r=0.657-0.759, p<0.005).Our findings suggest the importance of regular physical loading and lean mass for promoting bone density and bone structural properties. Further research examining the contribution of different loading modalities to specific skeletal geometrical properties would be of value to inform strategies directed at maximising bone strength and thus fracture prevention, through sport and exercise.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Bone cross-sectional geometry in male runners, gymnasts, swimmers and non-athletic controls: a hip-structural analysis study

et al. 2011

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“…Dynamic loading signals new bone formation [7], but the prevailing view is that the load must be high enough to initiate this response [64]. Military activities that are not performed often, but likely exceed the strain threshold, include downhill running and/or zigzag motions, which elicit up to 2000 microstrain at the tibial shaft [65], or foot drill which generates peak vertical forces up to 6.6 (±1.7) times body weight or 983 (±333) BW⋅s -1 [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes are achieved through the complex orchestration of bone modelling/remodelling [2][3][4], partly mediated by osteocyte signalling [5,6] Studies using the rat ulna have unravelled the osteogenic stimuli of mechanical loading, confirming that bone is most responsive to dynamic loading [1,7], high strain rates [8][9][10] unfamiliar strain distributions [11], and to discrete rather than continuous bouts of loading [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased density and periosteal expansion of the tibia in young adult men following short-term arduous training

Izard¹,

Fraser

Negus³

et al. 2016

Bone

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2 AbstractPurpose: Few human studies have reported early structural adaptations of bone to weightbearing exercise, which provide a greater contribution to improved bone strength than increased density. This prospective study examined site-and regional-specific adaptations of the tibia during arduous training in a cohort of male military (infantry) recruits to better understand how bone responds in vivo to mechanical loading.Methods: Tibial bone density and geometry were measured in 90 British Army male recruits (ages 21 + 3 y, height 1.78 ± 0.06 m, body mass 73.9 + 9.8 kg) in weeks 1 (Baseline) and 10 of initial military training. Scans were performed at the 4%, 14%, 38% and 66% sites, measured from the distal end plate, using pQCT (XCT2000L, Stratec Pforzheim, Germany).Customised software (BAMPack, L-3 ATI) was used to examine whole bone cross-section and regional sectors. T-tests determined significant differences between time points (P<0.05).Results: Bone density of trabecular and cortical compartments increased significantly at all measured sites. Bone geometry (cortical area and thickness) and bone strength (i, MM i and BSI) at the diaphyseal sites (38 and 66%) were also significantly higher in week 10. Regional changes in density and geometry were largely observed in the anterior, medial-anterior and anterior-posterior sectors. Calf muscle density and area (66% site) increased significantly at week 10 (P<0.01). Conclusions:In vivo mechanical loading improves bone strength of the human tibia by increased density and periosteal expansion, which varies by site and region of the bone.These changes may occur in response to the nature and distribution of forces originating from bending, torsional and shear stresses of military training. These improvements are observed early in training when the osteogenic stimulus is sufficient, which may be close to the fracture threshold in some individuals.3

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“…When pressure is delivered to chondrocytes in a cyclical rather than constant fashion, it produces an anabolic response (Mizuno, 2005). A requirement for dynamic mechanical signals may indeed be necessary for physiological effects in bone (Lanyon and Rubin, 1984).…”

Section: What Mechanical Factors Are Generated By Loading?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone

Rubin

Jacobs

2006

Gene

402

303

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Bone tissue has the capacity to adapt to its functional environment such that its morphology is "optimized" for the mechanical demand. The adaptive nature of the skeleton poses an interesting set of biological questions (e.g., how does bone sense mechanical signals, what cells are the sensing system, what are the mechanical signals that drive the system, what receptors are responsible for transducing the mechanical signal, what are the molecular responses to the mechanical stimuli). Studies of the characteristics of the mechanical environment at the cellular level, the forces that bone cells recognize, and the integrated cellular responses are providing new information at an accelerating speed. This review first considers the mechanical factors that are generated by loading in the skeleton, including strain, stress and pressure. Mechanosensitive cells placed to recognize these forces in the skeleton, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and cells of the vasculature are reviewed. The identity of the mechanoreceptor(s) is approached, with consideration of ion channels, integrins, connexins, the lipid membrane including caveolar and noncaveolar lipid rafts and the possibility that altering cell shape at the membrane or cytoskeleton alters integral signaling protein associations. The distal intracellular signaling systems on-line after the mechanoreceptor is activated are reviewed, including those emanating from G-proteins (e.g., intracellular calcium shifts), MAPKs, and nitric oxide. The ability to harness mechanical signals to improve bone health through devices and exercise is broached. Increased appreciation of the importance of the mechanical environment in regulating and determining the structural efficacy of the skeleton makes this an exciting time for further exploration of this area.

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Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling

Cited by 755 publications

References 5 publications

Bone cross-sectional geometry in male runners, gymnasts, swimmers and non-athletic controls: a hip-structural analysis study

Bone cross-sectional geometry in male runners, gymnasts, swimmers and non-athletic controls: a hip-structural analysis study

Increased density and periosteal expansion of the tibia in young adult men following short-term arduous training

Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone

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