Stationary Phases with Special Structural Properties for High-throughput Separation Techniques: Preparation, Characterization and Applications

Abstract

Stationary phases with specific structural properties for high-throughput liquid chromatographic (LC) techniques are described. Special attention was paid to phases with special structural properties, mainly containing internal functional group (e.g. amide). Such materials are generally called "embedded phases". There are phases created in amidation process of aminopropylated silica gel, especially phases based on biological compounds, like phospholipids and cholesterol, which are called immobilized artificial membranes (IAM's). The synthesis and applications of polar embedded amide LC stationary phases were also reviewed. Methods of characterization of synthesized packing materials were presented, with general focusing on spectroscopic measurements like (13C and 29Si CP/MAS NMR and FT-IR), elemental and thermal analysis as well as chromatographic quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRR) and extended chemometric tests. The potential applications of various dedicated stationary phases in a high-throughput LC screening procedures were also presented.

Recent development in liquid chromatography stationary phases for separation of Traditional Chinese Medicine components

“…In 2004, Buszewski [60] had published a comprehensive review of polar-embedded, and in particular amide, stationary phases, focusing on their characterization and applications. In 2010, Glennon et al [61] summarized the development of polar-embedded and polar-endcapped stationary phases, and highlight the range of diverse embedded groups which can be prepared.…”

Effect of chemically bonded stationary phases and mobile phase composition on β‐blockers retention in RP‐HPLC

“…was purchased from Merck (Darmstad, Germany). Both alkyl-amide and cholesterolic stationary phases were prepared in the laboratory on the Kromasil silica gel (Buszewski and Welerowicz, 2004). The specifications for columns and phases are listed in Table 1.…”

“…Stationary phases with 'deactivated surfaces' are modified materials by 325 secondary silanization (end-capped, EC) or structurally polarembedded phases with surface shielding of internal groups. These materials reduce the silanol activity and are recommended for chromatography of polar compounds (Buszewski and Welerowicz, 2004;Kele and Guichon, 2000;Claessens et al, 1998). Layne (2002) characterized and compared commercially available RP-LC phases like octadecyl C 18 , polar-embedded alkylamide, and polar end-capped phases.…”

“…The first attempt to immobilize cholesterol on silica solid was performed by Taylor and Sherman (1979). Siouffi (Delaurent et al, 1997) and Buszewski (Buszewski et al, 1998, 2001, 2003Buszewski and Welerowicz, 2004;Al-Haj et al, 1998) reported the immobilization of cholesterol moiety on silica through the reaction of aminopropylsilica and cholesterol derivative (cholesteryl chloroformate).…”

Solvent and temperature gradients in separation of synthetic oxyethylene‐oxypropylene block (co)polymers using high‐temperature liquid chromatography

“…The most popular stationary phases in contemporary practice of HPLC are nowadays chemically modified silica-gel adsorbents [1][2][3] because of their universal character and broad range of applications. However, stationary phases chemically bonded on silica supports have some disadvantages, especially limited chemical stability and lifetime in mobile phases with pH outside the range 3-8 and at operating temperature higher than 60-708C.…”