Statistical analysis of latency outcomes in behavioral experiments

Jahn‐Eimermacher, Antje; Lasarzik, Irina; Raber, Jacob

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.007

Cited by 107 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Transfer latencies were plotted as cumulative incidence of transfer and compared by Cox regression (Jahn-Eimermacher et al, 2011). For better comparability, we determined the T 50 -values, i.e., the values when 50% of the mice entered the TC.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Display of individuality in avoidance behavior and risk assessment of inbred mice

Hager

Jansen

Pieneman

et al. 2014

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Factors determining individuality are still poorly understood. Rodents are excellent model organisms to study individuality, due to a rich behavioral repertoire and the availability of well-characterized isogenic populations. However, most current behavioral assays for rodents have short test duration in novel test environments and require human interference, which introduce coercion, thereby limiting the assessment of naturally occurring individuality. Thus, we developed an automated behavior system to longitudinally monitor conditioned fear for assessing PTSD-like behavior in individual mice. The system consists of a safe home compartment connected to a risk-prone test compartment (TC). Entry and exploration of the TC is solely based on deliberate choice determined by individual fear responsiveness and fear extinction. In this novel ethological assay, C57BL/6J mice show homogeneous responses after shock exposure (innate fear), but striking variation in long-lasting fear responses based on avoidance and risk assessment (learned fear), including automated stretch-attend posture quantification. TC entry (retention) latencies after foot shock differed >24 h and the re-explored TC area differed >50% among inbred mice. Next, we compared two closely related C57BL/6 substrains. Despite substantial individual differences, previously observed higher fear of C57BL/6N vs. C57BL/6J mice was reconfirmed, whereas fear extinction was fast and did not differ. The observed variation in fear expression in isogenic mice suggests individual differences in coping style with PTSD-like avoidance. Investigating the assumed epigenetic mechanisms, with reduced interpretational ambiguity and enhanced translational value in this assay, may help improve understanding of personality type-dependent susceptibility and resilience to neuropsychiatric disorders such as PTSD.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Display of individuality in avoidance behavior and risk assessment of inbred mice

Hager

Jansen

Pieneman

et al. 2014

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“…It is often difficult to decide how to analyze behavioral latency data because they often lack a normal distribution with censored values (non-responders); therefore, parametric statistical tests are not an appropriate choice. We chose to use the an approach similar to survival analysis on emesis latency data (Horn et al 2013c), which can be analyzed by Cox regression and does not require assumptions about the nature of sampling distributions (Jahn-Eimermacher et al 2011). A follow-up report showed that this type of analysis could be more sensitive than parametric statistics (i.e., total number of emetic episodes) when comparing groups (Horn et al 2014).…”

Section: Can We Measure Nausea In Non-human Animals?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the nausea-to-emesis continuum in non-human animals: refocusing on gastrointestinal vagal signaling

Horn

2014

Exp Brain Res

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Nausea and vomiting are ubiquitous as drug side effects and symptoms of disease; however, the systems that determine these responses are arguably designed for protection against food poisoning occurring at the level of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This basic biological pathway using GI vagal afferent communication to the brain is not well understood. Part of this lack of insight appears to be related to current experimental approaches, such as the use of experimental drugs, including systemic chemotherapy and brain penetrant agents, which activate parts of the nausea and vomiting system in potentially unnatural ways. Directly related to this issue is our ability to understand the link between nausea and vomiting, which are sometimes argued to be completely separate processes, with nausea as an unmeasurable response in animal models. An argument is made that nausea and emesis are the efferent limbs of a unified sensory input from the GI tract that is likely to be impossible to understand without more specific animal electrophysiological experimentation of vagal afferent signaling. The current paper provides a review on the use of animal models and approaches to define the biological systems for nausea and emesis and presents a potentially testable theory on how these systems work in combination.

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“…Furthermore, behavioral latency data typically do not have a normal distribution; and, therefore, parametric analyses are not appropriate. The current approach, based on analysis of behavioral latencies in rodents (Jahn-Eimermacher et al, 2011), does not require assumptions about the distribution of data, and values from non-responding animals can also be included (i.e., censored values). Plotting the cumulative incidence of emesis shows the number of responding animals, group medians and quartiles, and illustrates the temporal differences between groups that can be analyzed using Cox regression (Jahn-Eimermacher et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reported optimal parameters for each emetic stimulus were used, including 1 Hz of reciprocating lateral motion, 5 mg/kg nicotine (sc), and 120 mg/kg CuSO 4 (ig) (Chan et al, 2007; Javid et al, 1999; Rudd et al, 1999). New emetic measures included duration (time from first to last episode), rate, and the variability of the timing of responses (i.e., the standard deviation of the inter-episode interval, SD-I); and, a survival analysis was applied to emetic latency (Jahn-Eimermacher et al, 2011). Behavioral patterns associated with emesis were assessed using statistical temporal pattern (T-pattern) analysis to determine potential sickness or nausea-like behavior (Horn et al, 2011; Magnusson, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel dynamic measures of emetic behavior in musk shrews

Horn

Wang

Estival

et al. 2013

Autonomic Neuroscience

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The emetic reflex occurs as a pattern of motor responses produced by a network of neurons in the hindbrain. Despite an understanding of the sequence of motor outputs that form an emetic episode (EE), the variability in the dynamics of multiple EEs across time remains a mystery. Nearly all clinical studies rely on once a day patient recall of total amount of vomiting, and preclinical studies frequently report only the total number of EE per unit time. The aim of the current study was to develop novel temporal measures of emetic activation in a preclinical model. Male and female musk shrews were tested with prototypical emetic stimuli: motion exposure (1 Hz), nicotine (5 mg/kg, sc), and copper sulfate (120 mg/kg, ig). New emetic measures included duration (time from first to last episode), rate, standard deviation of the inter-episode interval (SD-I), and a survival analysis of emetic latency (analyzed with Cox regression). Behavioral patterns associated with emesis were also assessed using statistical temporal pattern (T-pattern) analysis to measure nausea-like behaviors (e.g., immobility). The emetic stimuli produced different levels of total EE number, duration, rate, and SD-I. A typical antiemetic, the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994, suppressed the number of EEs but was less effective for reducing the duration or prolonging the emetic latency. Overall, the current study shows the use of novel dynamic behavioral measures to more comprehensively assess emesis and the impact of therapies.

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Statistical analysis of latency outcomes in behavioral experiments

Cited by 107 publications

References 9 publications

Display of individuality in avoidance behavior and risk assessment of inbred mice

Display of individuality in avoidance behavior and risk assessment of inbred mice

Measuring the nausea-to-emesis continuum in non-human animals: refocusing on gastrointestinal vagal signaling

Novel dynamic measures of emetic behavior in musk shrews

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