Statistical Analysis of Washing Efficiency for Solid Particle Soil

Ishikawa, Yusuke; Orito, Shintaro; Oya, Masaru

doi:10.5650/jos.56.163

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Ferric oxide has a red color, so detergency is easily analyzed by the widely used refraction method [20][21][22][23][24]. Kaolinite has a white color, so refraction is not effective for measuring residual soil.…”

Section: Comparison Between Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis Formentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was concluded that the shift in the point of zero charge of the Fe 2 O 3 particles to a lower pH by the adsorption of anionic surfactant promoted the detachment of the particles from the fabric surface and prevented the re-adhesion of detached particles onto the fabric. The statistical analysis of washing efficiency of solid particulate soil (ferric oxide) was studied by Ishikawa et al [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mechanistic Studies of Particulate Soil Detergency: II: Hydrophilic Soil Removal

Rojvoranun

Chavadej

Sabatini

2012

J Surfact & Detergents

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In this work, the removal mechanism of kaolinite and ferric oxide (model hydrophilic particulate soils) from hydrophilic (cotton) and hydrophobic (polyester) fabrics was studied using three surfactant types: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), octylphenol ethoxylate (OP(EO)10), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This work investigated the relations between zeta potential, surfactant adsorption, contact angle, solid/liquid spreading pressure, and dispersion stability in washing solutions as compared to detergency performance and antiredeposition as a function of surfactant concentration and pH level. The SDS showed the best detergency for both particulate soils, followed by OP(EO)10, with CTAB being the least effective surfactant. For SDS, the electrostatic repulsion between fabric and soil was found to be the dominant force for hydrophilic particulate soil removal. For the nonionic surfactant OP(EO)10, electrostatics are also important and steric effects aid particulate soil detergency. Electrostatic forces and solid/liquid interfacial tension reduction aids CTAB detergency. These same detergency mechanisms have previously been found for the case of hydrophobic soil removal from fabrics. Dispersion stability did not prove to be a dominant mechanism governing particulate soil detergency. From the SEM photos of soiled fabric, ferric oxide attaches to the fabric surface with no entrapment between fabric yarns; moreover, ferric oxide tends to form larger aggregates on cotton compared to polyester fabric. The adhesion of larger particles is hypothesized to be weaker than the smaller ones. Therefore ferric oxide can be more easily removed from cotton fabric than polyester. The SEM photos for kaolinite show little visual difference in particle agglomeration on polyester compared to cotton. Removal of kaolinite from cotton was found to be higher than from polyester, but there is less difference than for ferric oxide.

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Section: Comparison Between Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Studies of Particulate Soil Detergency: II: Hydrophilic Soil Removal

Rojvoranun

Chavadej

Sabatini

2012

J Surfact & Detergents

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“…In those studies, oily soil and solid particle soil were washed with surfactant solution, and the results showed that experimental removal efficiencies corresponds to predicted removal efficiencies which were calculated from washing simulation using distributions of detergent power 1,2) . Practical soil component is mostly a mixture of solid particles, oily soil, protein, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Application of Statistical Analysis to Mixed Soil Detergency

Ishikawa

Oya

2008

J. Oleo Sci.

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In previous studies, statistical method using distribution of detergent power and that of resistance of soil against washing was applied to analyze detergency of oily soil and solid particle soil. In this paper, this method was applied to an analysis of detergency of mixed soil. Artificially soiled cloth prepared by aqueous dispersion method was used as a mixed soil sample. Four-time consecutive washing tests were conducted under the same washing condition in Terg-O-Tometer using two kinds of detergent solution and distilled water. Change of removal efficiencies due to repetitive washing was used to determine the two distributions. Result shows that detergent power can be expressed as cumulative distribution function. In washing simulation using the cumulative distribution functions, the predicted removal efficiencies corresponded with experimental values. Moreover, the effect of soil aging on distribution of soil resistance against washing was found to move the distribution curve toward high resistance. These results show that the method using two statistical distributions can be applied to the detergency of mixed soil.

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“…In the probability density functional method [35][36][37][38][39], the adhesion force of soil and the removal force of soil are assumed to be in accordance with a normal distribution, and the cleaning efficiency is determined based on both distributions. Further assumptions are that the adhesion force of soil is in accordance with a normal distribution with an average value of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 (Eq 3), and the cleaning power is in accordance with a normal distribution with an average value of μ rl and a standard deviation of σ rl (Eq 4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An attempt was made to apply the probability density function to the detergency evaluation. The washing results of an oily dye stain [35], iron oxide particle dirt [36], and commercially available washing test cloth soiled with a mixed stain [37] were analyzed with respect to two parameters of the probability density functional method, the mean μ rl and standard deviation σ rl of the removal load distribution, assuming that the cleaning power follows a normal distribution. It was recently demonstrated that one of the two parameters (σ rl ) is related to the soil type [38] and the soil removal mechanism [39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic analysis of hemoglobin detergency by probability density functional method

et al. 2020

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In this study, washing tests were performed using samples prepared by contaminating fabrics with hemoglobin, and a kinetic analysis was conducted based the probability density functional method, which expresses the cleaning power using two parameters σ rl (related to the cleaning mechanism) and μ rl (related to the level of cleaning power). This method allows for the processing of uncertainties specific to protein washing under the assumption that the soil adhesion and detergency are in accordance with a normal distribution. A certain amount of hemoglobin solution was soaked in a cloth, dried, and steam-treated, and then used as a sample for a cleaning test. Two parameters σ rl and μ rl were calculated based on the detergency (%) after 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, and 20 min of washing with respect to different pH and temperature levels, and different sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration and temperature levels. Based on the results, the value of σ rl indicated that the hemoglobin was removed by the dissolving action. In addition, μ rl increased in accordance with an increase in the pH, SDS concentration, and temperature. With respect to μ rl , the relationship of ΔX + ΔY = Δ(X+Y) was observed in several cases, where ΔX represents the effect of the pH or SDS concentration, ΔY is the temperature effect, and Δ(X+Y) is the combined effect. Therefore, there may be an additive relationship between the pH and temperature effects, and the SDS concentration and temperature effects.

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Statistical Analysis of Washing Efficiency for Solid Particle Soil

Cited by 15 publications

References 5 publications

Mechanistic Studies of Particulate Soil Detergency: II: Hydrophilic Soil Removal

Mechanistic Studies of Particulate Soil Detergency: II: Hydrophilic Soil Removal

Application of Statistical Analysis to Mixed Soil Detergency

Kinetic analysis of hemoglobin detergency by probability density functional method

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