Statistical Characteristics of Measured 3-Dimensional MIMO Channel for Outdoor-to-Indoor Scenario in China and New Zealand

Abstract

The 3-dimensional (3D) channel model gives a better understanding of statistical characteristics for practical channels than the 2-dimensional (2D) channel model, by taking the elevation domain into consideration. As different organizations and researchers have agreed to a standard 3D channel model, we attempt to measure the 3D channel and determine the parameters of the standard model. In this paper, we present the statistical propagation results of the 3D multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) channel measurement campaign performed in China and New Zealand (NZ). The measurements are done for an outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) urban scenario. The dense indoor terminals at different floors in a building form a typical 3D propagation environment. The key parameters of the channel are estimated from the measured channel impulse response (CIR) using the spatial-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm. Till now there is abundant research performed on the azimuth domain; this paper mainly considers the statistical characteristics of the elevation domain. A statistical analysis of 3D MIMO channel results for both China and NZ measurements is presented for the following parameters: power delay profile (PDP), root mean square (rms), delay spread (DS), elevation angle-of-arrival (EAoA) distribution, elevation angle-of-departure (EAoD) distribution, elevation angular spread (AS), and cross-polarization discrimination (XPD).

Data-Driven Analysis of Outdoor-to-Indoor Propagation for 5G Mid-Band Operational Networks

“…Other works also investigated outdoor-to-indoor propagation at around 3.5 GHz, while also providing analyses of some of the channel propagation parameters defined in Section 2.1 [22,23,[40][41][42]. In [22], the authors presented a path loss analysis based on channel measurements at 3.5, 4.9, and 28 GHz.…”

Standard Propagation Channel Models for MIMO Communication Systems

“…However, these models cannot capture the elevation's characteristics, and as such, their applications are limited to the azimuth dimension. Thus, there is a need for channel models capable of 3D applications to create and assess multiple antenna techniques involving elevation characteristics [210,211].…”

Low-Rank Channel Estimation for mm-Wave Multiple Antenna Systems using Joint Spatio-Temporal Covariance Matrix

“…is used, such as mmWave, the effect of clustering appears in the propagation, as illustrated in Fig. 3.5 [59]. The receiver will receive many echoes from some particular clusters, where each cluster has different rays with the same power due to the presence of several scatters in one cluster.…”