Statistical data analysis of cancer incidences in insurgency affected states in Nigeria

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130

BACKGROUND: Depression is prevalent during antenatal and postnatal stages of pregnancy. The effect of depression can be seen in complications during and after pregnancy, fetal growth retardation, abortions and preterm births. The literature abounds on postpartum depression (PD) while few studies are on antepartum depression (AD). AIM: The systematic review aims to compute the prevalence of AD from published articles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The published articles (26) used in this review were obtained from the search of the search keywords “Depressive conditions in pregnancy AND trimesters”. All the articles were considered irrespective of language and their citation status as of the time of the query. Only articles that presented the prevalence mean and sample size were included. Articles on questionnaires filled by nonpregnant women and men were excluded. Articles that presented the prevalence of depression for the postpartum period only were excluded but were included if they addressed depression at both postpartum and trimester(s) of pregnancy. P-value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Analysis of the 26 articles showed that 4,303 subjects tested positive for depression in a sample of 28,248 pregnant mothers, giving the prevalence rate as 15%. Confounding was removed, and the sample size was adjusted to be 25,771 and 4,223 were screened to have depressive symptoms, thereby giving a new prevalence rate as 16.4%. It was also revealed that AD is most prevalent in the last trimester of pregnancy and least in the second trimester. Pregnancy duration and PD are not correlated with AD. This implies that AD can be observed in any period of the pregnancy and cannot predict the incidence of PD. CONCLUSION: Efforts must be intensified to monitor pregnant women during the third trimester to reduce the incidence of maternal depression during pregnancy, thereby reducing the prevalence.

“…Correlation, regression and logistic regression were applied to obtain the result. Similar applications of the tools can be found in [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Systematic Review of Prevalence of Antepartum Depression during the Trimesters of Pregnancy

Okagbue

Bishop

Oguntunde

et al. 2019

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130

“…The absence of numerous studies places undue restrictions on the use of different statistical techniques. The statistical techniques are needed to reveal hidden patterns as long as the sample size is appreciably high [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28]. The 7 articles were analysed using Minitab version 17.0, binary logistic regression was used for the analysis, and this was as a result of splitting of the target groups into two distinct and non-overlapping classes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E Infection in Nigeria: A Systematic Review

Okagbue¹,

Adamu²,

Bishop³

et al. 2019

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BACKGROUND: Research done globally on hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is far fewer compared with other types of hepatitis virus infection. Little is known on the prevalence of HEV in Nigeria. AIM: The present study presents the prevalence of HEV infection in Nigeria from a few available research papers on HEV. The detailed statistical analysis was used to analyse the prevalence of HEV in humans and animals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search in Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases was done, and a final 7 articles were selected. Minitab 17.0 was used to perform the correlational and binary logistic analyses. RESULTS: Serum and faecal analysis of blood and stool samples of 1178 humans and 210 pigs (animals) were done, and the presence of anti-HEV IgG or HEV RNA in the study samples were 127 and 138 respectively. Further analysis showed the prevalence of HEV are 10.8% and 65.7% in humans and animals, respectively. Weak positive non-significant association (r = 0.327, p-value = 0.474) was obtained between the target (humans and animal) and the HEV infection (positive) groups. The application of binary logistic regression yielded an equation that can be used to predict the target group from the HEV positive humans or animals. Generally, the logistic model was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.376), and the model was able to explain 9.3% of the deviation or variability of the model. The odds ratio is OR = 1.0344 with 0.9550, 1.204 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Thus, in Nigeria, the odds of prevalence of HEV in animals are 1.0344 higher than humans. CONCLUSION: The risk factors obtained from the few available articles are consistent with the global epidemiology of HEV infection. Food and animal handlers and those that consume unsafe water are the key people at risk of HEV infection in Nigeria.

“…The region is notoriously staggering under the weights of poverty [ 1 ], insurgency and terrorism [ 2 ], [ 3 ], [ 4 ], hunger and low life expectancy [ 5 ], polio, maternal and child mortality [ 6 ], [ 7 ] and so on. Cancer is not only prevalent in the North East, Nigeria [ 8 ], [ 9 ], but to the entire country which are battling to cope with other health challenges such as mental health [ 10 ], [ 11 ], maternal and child health [ 12 ], [ 13 ] and HIV AIDS [ 14 ]. The high case fatality rate of cancer in Nigeria is due to low level of cancer awareness and screening, late discovery, unhealthy lifestyle, superstitious beliefs, limited or poorly funded healthcare facilities, the dearth of experts in oncology and others to mention but a few.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival Analysis of Cancer Patients in North Eastern Nigeria from 2004 – 2017 – A Kaplan - Meier Method

Adamu

Opoola

Bishop

2019

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BACKGROUND: Cancer is a deadly malignant disease and is prevalent in Sub Saharan Africa. The North East part of Nigeria in particular and the country, in general, are struggling to cope with the increasing burden of cancer and other communicable and non-communicable diseases. The situation is worsened by the ongoing insurgency and terrorist activities in the area. AIM: The aim of this paper is to present the research findings from a cohort study aimed at the analysis of the estimation of the survivorship time of the real data of cancer patients in the North-eastern part of Nigeria and to establish if the insurgency in the region has contributed negatively to the life expectancy of its inhabitants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The record of 1,090 patients from medical records departments of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH), located in Maiduguri, the capital city of Borno State in northeast Nigeria was obtained. The record showed patients that were diagnosed and died of one type of cancer or the other from 2004 to 2017. All the cancer cases included in the present study were grouped into sex, age, marital status, occupation, date admitted and date of death/discharge. Descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meier method were used to analyse the data using SPSS version 23 while Microsoft EXCEL and Minitab 16.0 were used for data cleansing and organisation. RESULTS: Of the 1,090 patients analysed, 920 (84.40%) experienced the event, i.e. death, while 170 (15.60%) patients were censored. The data were analysed based on the ages and sex of the patients. 50.20% of the patients were of ages 21-50 years. The proportions of patients in this age bracket surviving past 7 days are 75%, while those between ages 80 years and above is 12 days. Others are of survival time of 5 days (ages 0-20 years) and 7 days (51-79 years). Using sex, 75% of the patients’ survival time is 7 days in the case of male and 6 days for females. It is safe to say that the survival time for cancer patients of the university the Maiduguri is 6 days and the result reflects the Northeastern part of Nigeria. This is because the hospital is one of few tertiary healthcare facilities in that area and consequently, cancer cases are often referred there. CONCLUSION: Cancer incidence is high, and the probability of survival reduces as the survival time increases. This is a dire situation in need of urgent intervention from the government, groups and individuals to tackle the scourge of cancer, thereby improving on the life expectancy battered by the ongoing Boko Haram insurgency in that region.