“…The use of parametric statistical techniques requires rigorous designs that ensure the prerequisites of the data are satisfied including distribution, population-sample homogeneity, sample group size, data type, and other inferential thresholds including collinearity and variance tolerance (Strang, 2015d). Learning analytics software generally involves nonparametric distribution-free nonlinear techniques utilised in big data analytics (Chatti et al, 2012, p.10;Strang and Sun, 2015;Sun, Strang and Yearwood, 2014;Xing et al, 2015), which include cluster analysis, neural network analysis with Bayes probability theory, nonlinear math programming, correspondence analysis, and genetic nonlinear programming (Nersesian and Strang, 2013;Strang, 2012;Vajjhala, Strang and Sun, 2015;Xing et al, 2015). The strategy for this study is to accept learning analytics as a 'black box' big data summarisation tool by using its output for input into the unit of analysis during hypothesis testing.…”