Status of advanced electrolytic hydrogen production in the United States and abroad☆

Bonner, Mary J.; Botts, T.E.; McBreen, J.; Mezzina, A.; Salzano, F. J.; Yang, Christopher

doi:10.1016/0360-3199(84)90076-4

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…At pressures above 25 atm, cell voltages in the range of 1.6-1.7V become thermodynamically possible. This is the development window which has been selected by Teledyne Energy Systems in the United States (23), Compagnie G~n~rale d'Electricit~ in France (24), SCK/CEN in Mol, Belgium (14), the Japanese advanced alkaline program (8), and the SPE programs being carried out by General Electric in the U.S. (7), Brown Boveri in Switzerland (25), and in Japan (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was suggested, therefore, that the indifferent salts, even at large concentrations, do not change the structure of the inner Helmholtz layer in the electrolyte (i.e., the ions of the salt cannot desorb the preferentially adsorbed sulfide ions from the semiconductor surface). Rather, we speculated that the indifferent salts decrease the Debye radius of the sulfide ions thereby increasing their mobility in a depletion region which extends outside the interface (7). One way to scrutinize this concept is to add excessive amounts of salt into a solution contain-…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, the rapid expansion of nuclear-based generating capacity in some jurisdictions has led to plans for hydrogen production from off-peak electricity (3,4). Responding to these opportunities, vigorous technology development programs are now underway, in the European Economic Community (5), Canada (6), the United States (7), Japan (8), and elsewhere.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen Production by the Electrolysis of Water: The Kinetic and Thermodynamic Framework

LeRoy¹

1983

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The electrical energy efficiency of commercial water electrolyzers is normally limited by internal energy losses; heat generated at economic current density levels exceeds the heat required to maintain the temperature of the electrolyte, and cooling must be used. The energy losses reflect the effects of ohmic resistance and of the electrode overvoltages. Development of activated electrode systems and of improved electrode geometries promises to reduce these losses to the point where efficiency will be limited instead by the requirement that sufficient heat be generated internally to maintain the electrolyte temperature. The limitation on electrical energy efficiency then becomes thermodynamic. This paper reviews the maj or thermodynamic and kinetic considerations which impact design of industrial water electrolyzers. Options indicated for development of advanced technology are considered. These are then related to the approaches being taken in major worldwide programs which are working to reduce the cost of hydrogen production from water and electricity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen Production by the Electrolysis of Water: The Kinetic and Thermodynamic Framework

LeRoy¹

1983

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Hydrogen production from non-fossil fuels-based methods using water can facilitate solutions to environmental problems, thus making hydrogen a clean fuel in a real sense. There are several non-fossil fuels-based methods such as electrolysis, solar energy method, bio hydrogen production, and the thermochemical method, for which efficiency may vary from 70 to 90% [58,59].…”

Section: Hydrogen Production Methods Based On Non-hydrocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of Hydrogen as Economic and Environmentally Friendly Fuel

2021

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The major demand of energy in today’s world is fulfilled by the fossil fuels which are not renewable in nature and can no longer be used once exhausted. In the beginning of the 21st century, the limitation of the fossil fuels, continually growing energy demand, and growing impact of green-house gas emissions on the environment were identified as the major challenges with current energy infrastructure all over the world. The energy obtained from fossil fuel is cheap due to its established infrastructure; however, these possess serious issues, as mentioned above, and cause bad environmental impact. Therefore, renewable energy resources are looked to as contenders which may fulfil most energy requirements. Among them, hydrogen is considered as the most environmentally friendly fuel. Hydrogen is clean, sustainable fuel and it has promise as a future energy carrier. It also has the ability to substitute the present energy infrastructure which is based on fossil fuel. This is seen and projected as a solution for the above-mentioned problems including rise in global temperature and environmental degradation. Environmental and economic aspects are the important factors to be considered to establish hydrogen infrastructure. This article describes the various aspects of hydrogen including production, storage, and applications with a focus on fuel cell based electric vehicles. Their environmental as well as economic aspects are also discussed herein.

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“…Low temperature electrolysis using either a polymer exchange membrane (PEM) acid electrolyte 2 or an alkaline electrolyte 5-7 have been developed, and modular hydrogen production stations based on these technologies are available commercially from companies including Norsk Hydro, Stuart Energy, Proton Energy, and Teledyne. 2,8,9 High temperature electrolysis of steam in a solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE) has also been considered in the past, and recently has been receiving renewed attention.3,10 SOE devices, which employ an yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic electrolyte, were developed by Dornier Systems GmbH in Germany under the name HotELLY in the 1980's for commercial production of hydrogen by steam electrolysis.11,12 More recent work on SOE and reversible solid oxide fuel cells has demonstrated high hydrogen production rates in these cells. [13][14][15][16][17] Direct electrolysis of water (or steam), however, is energy intensive.…”

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confidence: 99%

Steam-Carbon Fuel Cell Concept for Cogeneration of Hydrogen and Electrical Power

Alexander¹,

Mitchell²,

Gür

2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This study describes and presents the results of a new electrochemical approach to co-production of hydrogen and electric power using a steam-carbon fuel cell, within which carbon-containing species are kept physically separate from the hydrogen stream by a solid oxide electrolyte membrane. The fuel cell used for this purpose consists of H 2 , H 2 O (g) /Pt/YSZ/Pt/C (s) ,CO,CO 2 and measurements are taken between 600 and 900 C. Peak electrical power generated at 900 C is 8 mW/cm 2 at a current density of 40.5 mA/ cm 2 corresponding to simultaneous production of carbon-free hydrogen at a rate of 354 g H 2 /m 2 day. Electrochemical behavior and cell loss mechanisms are studied using impedance spectroscopy in different cell arrangements operating in steam-carbon and air-carbon modes. Exchange current densities extracted from these measurements indicated activation energies of 80.3 6 7.9 kJ/ mol for oxygen reduction, 132 6 12 kJ/mol for CO oxidation, and 189 6 35 kJ/mol for steam reduction. These results indicate that steam reduction is the dominant loss mechanism with significant contribution from CO oxidation kinetics. Modeling results for the carbon bed indicate that a bed height of 7 mm is capable of supporting cell current densities of 700 mA/cm 2 at 85% effective char utilization, allowing for high performing steam-carbon fuel cells for the simultaneous production of hydrogen and electrical work. Hydrogen is a desirable fuel because it is both an effective energy carrier as well as a clean burning fuel with minimal impact on the environment. Unfortunately, hydrogen does not occur naturally, and must be generated from other sources. If widespread use of hydrogen is to be achieved, an efficient method for distributed hydrogen production is desired due to the cost and technical challenges posed by hydrogen transportation and storage.Currently, the majority of hydrogen production is performed centrally using steam reforming of methane, and to a lesser extent, coal. The fuel is reformed with steam and then undergoes the water-gas shift reaction to produce hydrogen. Unfortunately, this process produces a hydrogen stream that is contaminated by various carbonaceous species, and therefore requires expensive separation techniques to clean the gas. Carbon monoxide remnants in the hydrogen gas are of particular concern, as even trace amounts of CO in the hydrogen stream render the hydrogen product undesirable for catalytic processes due to CO poisoning. This is a critical problem especially for low temperature fuel cells. In addition, the reforming process is only economically feasible at large scales, requiring expensive storage and distribution of the hydrogen product to its point of use.A variety of alternative hydrogen production schemes that attempt to solve or avoid the limitations of reforming have been proposed. Thermal decomposition of steam into hydrogen and oxygen is one such option, but this reaction is thermodynamically uphill and energetically expensive. Another approach is the electrolysis of water in an e...

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Status of advanced electrolytic hydrogen production in the United States and abroad☆

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

Hydrogen Production by the Electrolysis of Water: The Kinetic and Thermodynamic Framework

Hydrogen Production by the Electrolysis of Water: The Kinetic and Thermodynamic Framework

Significance of Hydrogen as Economic and Environmentally Friendly Fuel

Steam-Carbon Fuel Cell Concept for Cogeneration of Hydrogen and Electrical Power

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