Status of hydrothermal growth of bulk ZnO: Latest issues and advantages

Solvothermal and hydrothermal processes: the main physico-chemical factors involved and new trends

“…The solvothermal growth of single crystals for industrial development initiated important works in particular with GaN and ZnO [148][149][150][151][152]. In this domain, the research focused on three main goals: (i) the improvement of the kinetics for the solvothermal crystal growth, (ii) a lower concentration of defects (chemical defects such as impurities or physical defects such as dislocations), and (iii) the economical cost of the solvothermal process compared to the conventional ones (in particular in the case of ZnO).…”

Subsolidus phase relations in the ZnO–WO3–Bi2O3 system

“…To achieve these applications, the most critical problem is to obtain high quality ZnO films homoepitaxially grown on the ZnO single-crystal substrates. There are several methods to grow large scale ZnO single crystals: hydrothermal solution method [3][4][5][6][7], vapor transport method [8,9], melt growth [10,11] and molten salt method [12][13][14][15]. It has been found that the growth speed of hydrothermal solution method is too slow, vapor transport method is very difficult to manipulate, and melt growth is unsuitable for the high melting point of ZnO (1975 • C) and high volatility at high temperature.…”

Subsolidus phase relations in the ZnO–P2O5–WO3 system

“…The growth of high quality ZnO single crystal has been investigated for its importance in basic research and device applications. Main methods for ZnO crystal growth are melt growth [3,4], flux method [5][6][7][8], vapor transport growth [9,10], and hydrothermal growth [11][12][13][14][15]. ZnO crystal growth from the melt requires high experimental efforts because of the high melting point and the high volatility of ZnO.…”