Status Vaksinasi BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) dan Angka Kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru pada Anak di Indonesia

Abstract

Abstrak
 Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah salah satu penyakit menular yang merupakan satu dari sepuluh penyebab kematian di dunia. TB yang paling banyak diderita di dunia adalah TB paru. Anak-anak masuk ke dalam sub-populasi yang terdampak dari infeksi bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis ini. Salah satu pencegahan TB yang dapat dilakukan sejak anak usia 0 adalah vaksin BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) yang diberikan saat anak berusia 0-2 bulan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan status vaksinasi BCG dengan angka kejadian TB Paru pada anak di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi literatur yang melibatkan pencarian sistematik yang dilakukan pada April 2022. Kriteria sampel yang dipilih pada penelitan ini, yaitu anak berusia 0-17 tahun yang terbagi menjadi kelompok TB paru dan non-TB paru serta diketahui status vaksinasinya, yaitu telah vaksin atau tidak vaksin. Seleksi artikel studi dilakukan berdasarkan PRISMA statement. Sebanyak 10 artikel studi dari daerah yang berbeda-beda dengan jumlah sampel paling sedikit 30 dan yang terbanyak 143 dinilai secara kritis. Desain penelitian analitik observasional case-control dan uji bivariat chi-square adalah yang paling banyak digunakan. Dengan menggunakan uji bivariat, terdapat 7 artikel yang menyatakan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara pemberian vaksin BCG dengan kejadian TB paru anak, sedangkan 3 artikel lainnya bertolak belakang dengan hasil tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil literature review yang dilakukan, maka disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pemberian vaksin BCG dengan kejadian TB paru anak di Indonesia.
 Kata Kunci: Tuberkulosis, Anak, Vaksinasi, BCG.
 Abstract
 Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is one of the world’s top ten causes of death. The most common TB in the world is pulmonary TB. Children fall into the sub-population affected by this Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterial infection. One of the TB prevention measures that can be done for children aged 0 is the BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine which is given when children are 0-2 months old. This study aimed to determine the relationship between BCG vaccination status and the incidence of pulmonary TB in children in Indonesia. This study uses a literature study method that involves a systematic search conducted in April 2022. The criteria for the sample selected in this research were children aged 0-17 years who were divided into pulmonary TB and non-pulmonary TB groups, and their vaccination status was known, namely whether they had been vaccinated or not vaccinated. The selection of study articles was carried out based on the PRISMA statement. A total of 11 study articles from different regions with a minimum sample size of 30 and a maximum of 400 were critically assessed. The case-control observational analytical research design and the bivariate chi-square test were the most widely used. Eight articles stated a significant relationship between the administration of the BCG vaccine and the incidence of pulmonary TB in children, while the other three articles contradicted these results after being tested for bivariate statistics. Based on the results of the literature review, it was concluded that there was a significant relationship between the administration of the BCG vaccine and the incidence of pulmonary TB in children in Indonesia.
 Keywords: Tuberculosis, Children, Vaccination, BCG.

Implementation Analysis of the Tuberculosis Control Program Based on Minister of Health Regulation Number 67 of 2016 at Bandarharjo Healthcare

“…because there is a strong correlation between the BCG vaccine's delivery and the prevalence of pediatric tuberculosis in Indonesia. Children who are up to date on their BCG vaccinations have a lower risk of contracting tuberculosis (Anindya & Ekaputri, 2022). In adult contacts with tuberculosis, administration of the BCG vaccine is linked to a decreased prevalence of latent TB infection (LTBI).…”