“…However, many previous studies mainly focused on improving the accuracy of classification rather than the real-time performance of online classification (Cheng et al, 2020 ; Gautam et al, 2020 ; Lai et al, 2021 ; Nguyen-Trong et al, 2021 ; Tripathi et al, 2022 ; Yang et al, 2022 ), which is extremely important for bilateral training. The original signals are often directly fed into the deep learning models (Cheng et al, 2020 ; Gautam et al, 2020 ; Lai et al, 2021 ; Nguyen-Trong et al, 2021 ; Tripathi et al, 2022 ; Yang et al, 2022 ); therefore, even a slightly large amount of data can seriously affect the real-time performance (Joshi et al, 2013 ). Moreover, these deep learning models have a large number of parameters when raw sEMG signals are used, which leads to high computational costs, making their application difficult for occasions requiring real-time performance (Xia et al, 2020 ).…”