Steady-State and Transient Radiation Effects in Precision Quartz Oscillators

Self-Trapped Excitons in Silicon Dioxide: Mechanism and Properties

“…The ever-decreasing size of electronics has pushed MOS size into the nanometer scale where the presence of atomic-level defects affects device reliability [1]. Defects in silica also degrade the performance of MOS-based electronics by creating long-lived voltage shifts [2], change dispersion and attenuation in optical fibers [3], and modify oscillator frequencies [4,5]. Many such defects are created by radiation which is problematic because SiO 2 -based devices are often employed in environments subject to ionizing radiation (in satellites, nuclear power plants, medical studies, etc.)…”

“…Many such defects are created by radiation which is problematic because SiO 2 -based devices are often employed in environments subject to ionizing radiation (in satellites, nuclear power plants, medical studies, etc.) [2,4,5].The self-trapped exciton (STE) is one of the important radiation-induced defects in silica. Excitons in silica selftrap from low to at least room temperatures [6 -15].…”

“…Many such defects are created by radiation which is problematic because SiO 2 -based devices are often employed in environments subject to ionizing radiation (in satellites, nuclear power plants, medical studies, etc.) [2,4,5].…”

A new X-ray topographic defect contrast on swept quartz crystals

“…Sweeping or solid-state electrolysis is a process which selectively exchanges monovalent impurity ions in a-quartz and has been studied for many years (Brice, 1985;Brown, O'Connor & Armington, 1980;Fraser, 1968;Jain & Nowick, 1981;King, 1959;Kats, 1962;Kreft, 1975;Martin, 1987;Pellegrini, Euler, Kahan, Flanagan & Wrobel, 1978;Kahan, Euler, Lipson, Chen & Halliburton, 1987). Sweeping of the crystals prior to fabrication has been reported (Fraser, 1968;Martin, 1987;Kahan etal., 1987;Pellegrini etal., 1978) to improve the performance of quartz crystal devices.…”

Some new results on the frequency characteristics of quartz crystals irradiated by ionizing and particle radiations

“…A number of papers (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) have appeared on the radiation effects on the frequency characteristics of quartz crystals. The frequency changes due to irradiation by fast neutrons are permanent positive frequency offsets.…”