Stellar Motions Near the Nucleus of M31

Rubin, Vera C.; Kent, Jr. Ford W.; Kumar, C. K.

doi:10.1086/152030

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…One was from the group later called the Seven Samurai, who collected redshifts and distance estimates for elliptical galaxies and searched for deviations from Hubble flow. Their result was consistent, to within the rather large error bars, with that of Rubin et al, (1976)…”

Section: Large Scale Structure In Velocity Spacesupporting

confidence: 81%

“…She and they embarked on what they described as an unconventional investigation, designed not to measure H or even q but to look for deviations from isotropy of the Hubble law. The first hint of a "yes" answer appears in Rubin et al (1973). The fullblown result was presented at the 1975 Bloomington AAS meeting and promptly dubbed "the Rubin-Ford effect."…”

Section: Large Scale Structure In Velocity Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This means that you aren't exactly questioning the accuracy of the data, but you don't much like the implications and don't want to be identified with them. The data appear in Rubin et al (1976).…”

Section: Large Scale Structure In Velocity Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergent Structure: the First Two Centuries of the First Two Eons

Trimble

2005

Symp. - Int. Astron. Union

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Scientific recognition of the existence, evolution, and significance of structure within the cosmos developed slowly. We follow the story here from the earliest times to the first systematic redshift surveys and the "Rubin-Ford effect," emphasizing the period beginning with William Herschel and ending about lunch time on Wednesday. The scientific issues cannot be put in any one linear order, because, for instance, some people were studying clusters of galaxies and measuring the mass of M31 while others still denied the existence of external galaxies.The merging of Greek philosophy with medieval church doctrine that was largely the work of Thomas Aquinas imposed this spherical symmetry on European thought after about 1260, along with immutability of the heavens, the four terrestrial elements + quintessence, and much else. Indeed many of the early readers of Copernicus were inclined to think that the most important thing he was saying was the primacy of uniform circular motion, whatever is at the center. But, before this, the 12th century universe of Hildegaard of Bingen had a spherical earth, but a pineapple-shaped lucidus ignis outside it. She also placed the fixed stars close to us, hail and lightening further out beyond the moon, followed by the sun and outer planets (as the stem of the pineapple). Thus she had not yet fully accepted immutability of the heavens as requiring hail, lightning, comets, meteors, and guest stars all to fall within the atmosphere. A Chinese model universe from about the same time is spherical and held up by dragons (Needham 1953). It also has an equatorial mount, rather than an ecliptic one like the European armillary spheres of the time, and the equatorial concept may well be a Chinese inventionThen the spheres and circles close in, first with earth at the center a la Ptolemy (and Martin Luther), then, increasingly, with the sun at the center, a la Copernicus.Next is the question of where to put the stars. Outside the orbit of Saturn, clearly, but how far outside, how many of them, and how far should they extend? Early on, these questions tended to get stirred in with old philosophical considerations of whether voids and infinities were conceivable and hence possible. For some people, they probably still do.Thomas Digges in 1576 extended his "orbe of starres fixed" to infinity (though not in the drawing) and allowed them to have planets and life. He said that the total assemblage though infinite was somehow vaguely spherical, but that it could have neither edges nor a center. Infinite, multiply inhabited, and more or less spherical universes are also to be found in the writings of Nicolas of Cusa (c. 1450), Giordano Bruno (before 1600!), and William Gilbert (d. 1602). Gilbert explicitly allowed the stars in his infinite distribution to be of intrinsically different size (meaning brightness).Kepler (d. 1630) considered the possibility of an infinite, fairly uniform distribution of stars, of which the sun would be merely an undistinguished one, but rejected both this and a "stoic" univ...

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Section: Large Scale Structure In Velocity Spacesupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Large Scale Structure In Velocity Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergent Structure: the First Two Centuries of the First Two Eons

Trimble

2005

Symp. - Int. Astron. Union

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“…M33, the Triangulum Galaxy, is the third most massive galaxy in the Local Group, with a mass close to one tenth that of M31 (Corbelli & Salucci 2000 measure M33's rotation curve out to 16 kpc, and find an implied dark halo mass of M M 33 5 x 10 10 M ⊙ ). M33 has a total host luminosity of L M 33,host,V ∼ 10 9 L ⊙ (de Vaucouleurs et al 1991) and is more face-on (i = 56 • ± 1 • , Zaritsky et al 1989) than M31 (i = 77 • ; e.g., Rubin et al 1973;Athanassoula & Beaton 2006). It is classified as a SA(s)cd II-III galaxy (de Vaucouleurs et al 1991), has little or no bulge component, a UV-and X-ray bright nuclear cluster (e.g., Long et al 1981, Dubus et al 1999and Foschini et al 2004, and perhaps a bar (Javadi et al 2011), so most of the central light is distributed over an exponential disk component (e.g., de Vaucouleurs 1959;Bothun 1992;Minniti et al 1993;McLean & Liu 1996;Corbelli et al 2008;Kormendy et al 2010;Javadi et al 2011).…”

Section: The Triangulum Galaxymentioning

confidence: 99%

Unearthing foundations of a cosmic cathedral: searching the stars for M33's halo

Cockcroft

McConnachie

Harris

et al. 2012

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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We use data from the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey (PAndAS) to search for evidence of an extended halo component belonging to M33 (the Triangulum Galaxy). We identify a population of red giant branch (RGB) stars at large radii from M33's disk whose connection to the recently discovered extended "disk substructure" is ambiguous, and which may represent a "bona-fide" halo component. After first correcting for contamination from the Milky Way foreground population and misidentified background galaxies, we average the radial density of RGB candidate stars over circular annuli centered on the galaxy and away from the disk substructure. We find evidence of a low-luminosity, centrally concentrated component that is everywhere in our data fainter than µ V ∼ 33 mag arcsec −2 . The scale length of this feature is not well constrained by our data, but it appears to be of order r exp ∼ 20 kpc; there is weak evidence to suggest it is not azimuthally symmetric. Inspection of the overall CMD for this region that specifically clips out the disk substructure reveals that this residual RGB population is consistent with an old population with a photometric metallicity of around [Fe/H] ∼ -2 dex, but some residual contamination from the disk substructure appears to remain. We discuss the likelihood that our findings represent a bona-fide halo in M33, rather than extended emission from the disk substructure.We interpret our findings in terms of an upper limit to M33's halo that is a few percent of its total luminosity, although its actual luminosity is likely much less.

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“…The identification of rotating bulges goes back a long time (e.g., Pease 1918;Babcock 1938Babcock , 1939Rubin et al 1973;Pellet 1976;Bertola and Capaccioli 1977;Peterson 1978;Mebold et al 1979). Early-type galaxies can also display significant rotation, albeit likely due to the presence of a disk (e.g., Davies et al 1983;Graham et al 1998;Emsellem et al 2007Emsellem et al , 2011Krajnović et al 2008).…”

Section: Rotationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems

Oswalt¹,

Keel²

2013

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Stellar Motions Near the Nucleus of M31

Cited by 16 publications

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Emergent Structure: the First Two Centuries of the First Two Eons

Emergent Structure: the First Two Centuries of the First Two Eons

Unearthing foundations of a cosmic cathedral: searching the stars for M33's halo

Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems

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