Stem and progenitor cells: advancing bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Background Unlike many other postnatal tissues, bone can regenerate and repair itself; nevertheless, this capacity can be overcome. Traditionally, surgical reconstructive strategies have implemented autologous, allogeneic and prosthetic materials. Autologous bone—the best option—is limited in supply, and also mandates an additional surgical procedure. In regenerative tissue engineering, there are myriad issues to consider in the creation of a functional, implantable replacement tissue. Importantly, there must exist an easily accessible, abundant cell source with the capacity to express the phenotype of the desired tissue, and a biocompatible scaffold to deliver the cells to the damaged region. Methods A literature review was performed using PubMed; peer-reviewed publications were screened for relevance in order to identify key advances in stem and progenitor cell contribution to the field of bone tissue engineering. Results In this review, we briefly introduce various adult stem cells implemented in bone tissue engineering such as mesenchymal stem cells (including bone marrow- and adipose-derived stem cells), endothelial progenitor cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. We then discuss numerous advances associated with their application and subsequently focus on technological advances in the field, before addressing key regenerative strategies currently used in clinical practice. Conclusion Stem and progenitor cell implementation in bone tissue engineering strategies have the ability to make a major impact on regenerative medicine and reduce patient morbidity. As the field of regenerative medicine endeavors to harness the body's own cells for treatment, scientific innovation has led to great advances in stem cell based therapies in the past decade.

In vitro osteogenic differentiation of stem cells with different sources on composite scaffold containing natural bioceramic and polycaprolactone

“…The two main parts of these methods are based on the type of stem cells used and the type of scaffolds suitable for accelerating bone repair and reconstruction [5,6]. The safest and most widely used stem cell for clinical treatment is Adult stem cells that are multipotent undifferentiated cells with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) characteristics that can be extracted from several sources such as dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), buccal fat pad-derived MSCs (BFP-MSCs), bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs), unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) from human umbilical cord blood and adipose tissues derived stem cells (ADSCs) [7,8].…”

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 promotes endothelial cell homing via the Akt-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway to accelerate healing of ischemic and hypoxic skin ulcers

“…Currently, the use of MSCs and other stem cells in the repair of human tissue damage has a range of potential applications (57,58). The use of CXCL-8 in cell-based therapies may promote cell homing, protect cells, promote angiogenesis and accelerate the repair of damaged tissue (40).…”

Reconstruction of Craniomaxillofacial Bone Defects Using Tissue-Engineering Strategies with Injectable and Non-Injectable Scaffolds

“…The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into many different cell types offers great potential in regenerative medicine [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Based on the source they originate in, these cells are classified as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult stem cells, with the former extracted from embryos developed from eggs fertilized in vitro and the latter extracted from adult tissue and support to maintain and repair the same tissue [ 39 , 40 ].…”